Wednesday, May 26, 2021

Summary of Virginia Woolf's "Mrs. Dalloway"

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Mrs. Dalloway is considered by many critics to be one of Virginia Woolf's greatest novels revealing a mastery of form and technique for which she became known, stream of consciousness technique. The book itself is not like any other book in the traditional sense that is emphasizing the plot, characters, actions, etc. Rather it traces the reactions and feeling of the characters as they go around London, meeting each other. The narration shifts from one character to another so that the events of the day are told from different points of view. And it consists of two seemingly unrelated narratives, one telling us the story of Clarissa and the other the story of Septimus.


The story takes place in London. The timing is a mid June day and the year is 1, after the Great War.


The story begins at 10 am when Clarissa goes out to buy flowers. She wants to throw a party in the evening of the same day. On her way to the florist, she thinks about her old family house at Bourton, and of Peter her old lover. She sees Hugh Whitbread an old friend of hers and invites him to the party. As she walks down Bond St., she passes by two window shops. The first, being that of a bookshop, displays a verse by Shakespeare "Fear no more the heat of the sun/ Nor the furious winter's rage." And the other one displaying dead fish on a block of ice. Clarissa thinks about life and exclaims "That is all ". She also thinks of her daughter Elizabeth and her tutor Miss Kilman. We come to know that Clarissa hates miss Kilman for introducing Elizabeth to religion.


Clarissa gets to the florist and in the mean while two incidents paralyzes the motion in the street. One is a very important looking motorcar and the other is an airplane soaring in the sky. Among those in the street were Septimus and his wife Lucrezia. The couple was on their way to see a Dr. Bradshaw.


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Clarissa returns home and Lucy, her servant, tells her that Lady Bruton has invited Richard, her husband, alone to lunch. This makes her feel left out and insulted. Clarissa retires to her attic. Woolf here insinuates about sexuality and virginity mentioning the white starched bed sheets. She tells us about Clarissa's sexual life. Clarissa reflects her sexual life and wonders if she has failed Richard sexually. She recalls here homosexual encounter with Sally Seton when she kissed her on the lips. She then goes down to mend he green dress and to her surprise Peter Walsh comes in. he tells her that he is in London because he wants to see about a divorce for a married girls he is in love with in India. All in all, the meeting was not a successful one and Peter greets Clarissa quickly and rushes out as Elizabeth comes in.


Peter now annoyed and irritated wonders in the streets of London. He walks to Regent's Park, smokes a cigar and falls in a deep sleep. He sees a vision and wakes up. He recalls the scene at Bourton in which he knows that Clarissa would marry Richard and not him.


During this time Septimus and Rezia are in Regent's Park. Rezia leaves Septimus for a walk; feeling embarrassed because of the strangeness of her husband and asks herself why should she suffer. Peter thinking how London has changed and of Clarissa again, sees the couple arguing and thinks that it is a lovers' fight.


Now the narration shifts to Septimus. We are told his story of how he has volunteered to go to war. He wanted to be a good soldier, that is why he forbidded himself from feeling. In the aftermath of the war, he realizes that all his romantic believes about the war and patriotism are nothing but idiocy and that his lack of feeling is a great crime. Woolf here tells us the experience of Septimus with doctors, Dr. Holmes and Dr. Bradshaw. We kind of hear her own voice echoing in the background.


The couple heads to see Bradshaw and as they reach his clinic, the doctor knows immediately that Septimus is severely ill and that it is best if he be treated in an asylum. Rezia here feels angry and deserted.


The narration shifts now to tell us about Hugh Whitbread. Woolf ironically describes his aristocratic manners. He meets with Richard and goes to Lady Bruton's house for lunch. We know later that Lady Bruton has invited them both only to use them. She wanted to make use of Hugh's style in writing letters and of Richard's ideas as a politician to write a letter to the Times magazine about emigration to Canada. Also Lady Bruton intimidated Richard by telling him that Peter Walsh is in town. In fact, Richard did feel jealous and intended to tell Clarissa that he loves her in so many words when he goes home.


And as he intended he buys Clarissa some flowers and when he gets home he gives her the flowers but could not find the words to tell her that he loves her. In a way Clarissa understood. Very little happy time was spent together, and Richard goes off to mind his business. Clarissa now alone, wonders how she had never had any interest in politics. Her interest was always throwing parties. She feels great pleasure in it and thinks that it is her gift. It is her offering to the world, she thinks.


The door opens; it is Elizabeth telling her mother that she is going with Miss Kilman to the Army and Navy Surplus stores. Miss Kilman hates Clarissa as much as Clarissa hates Miss Kilman. Kilman finds refuge in religion while Clarissa finds the notion detestable and cruel. Clarissa feels that this lady wants to take her daughter from her. In fact Clarissa was right to think so because Miss Kilman's intention was to do influence Elizabeth and make her hate her mother.


Clarissa then thinks about love and religion. To her both create the urge to control and dominate. She overlooks the old lady next door and to her this lady is a symbol of independence and privacy.


Miss Kilman and Elizabeth are now at the stores drinking tea. Kilman wanted to pour her unhappiness onto Elizabeth to gain her sympathy. Although Elizabeth is influenced by Miss Kilman's ideas but she cannot but find her disgusting and overpowering. Elizabeth leaves Miss Kilman alone and wonders off home. Kilman now sits alone like a defeated beast and then heads for a sanctuary of religion. And Elizabeth wondering in the streets of London, reaches Strand, a working quarter of London, she thinks about Miss Kilman's ideas about the poor and about professions being open to women of her generation. Elizabeth does not want to be like her mother, throwing parties and caring only about societal conventions, but she aspires to have a career of her own.


Septimus now overlooking the Strand feels normal. He has overcome his fear some how and sits chatting normally with Rezia who is sewing a hat. All was well until Dr. Holmes barges in; he wanted to take Septimus to the asylum. Septimus wanted to escape this fate and found the window an only exist. He enjoys the rays of the sun till the last minute and then throws himself out.


Peter Walsh sees the ambulance carrying Septimus's body and considers it a sign of civility. When he reaches his hotel he finds that Clarissa has sent him a letter. He dines out and then decides to go to Clarissa's party after all. When he reaches the Dalloway's, he finds servants running around in final preparations for the party. He sees Clarissa nervous greeting her guest as they arrive. Clarissa is worried that the party will be a failure and feels defensive under Peter's critical eye. He thinks that all English people are snobs.


The prime minister is announced and then a Lady Rosseter who turned out to be no one but Sally Seton. Both Sally and Peter sit together talking. Clarissa sees them as a link to her past. The Bradshaws were also invited and they showed up late at the Party. Sir William Bradshaw tells Richard about some of his patients among those Septimus. And Lady Bradshaw tells Clarissa that Septimus has committed suicide that same evening. It is noted that all the characters of the novel are present at Clarissa's party, all but Rezia and Septimus.


Clarissa affected deeply by the news of Septimus's suicide, she retires to be alone in a room. She identifies herself with the pain of Septimus and then considers him as a Christ figure, sacrificing himself for her to have her parties.


In the mean while Peter is searching for Clarissa and as she appears he feels great happiness "for there she was". This conclusion is very much a beginning as it is an ending.


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MTV

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MTV


Some people say that MTV has had a bad influence on today's youth because of all of the scantily clad people, language, and sex it promotes. However, it should be noted that MTV isn't all about these things. MTV has an abundance of other things that promote completely the opposite of what people think it promotes.


There is a program on MTV that comes on at ten to the hour, every hour, called MTV news. This is a news program that lets today's youth know about all of the important issues affecting our lives in a way that they will understand. MTV also has specials on quite frequently promoting abstinence before marriage. MTV likes to get the message across to teenagers that the HIV virus is a very serious and life-threatening virus that they should constantly get checked for, and make sure that their partner doesn't have it.


MTV also has many shows and music videos that make it extremely entertaining. Some of the comedic shows are Jackass, The Osbournes, and Clone High. Some of the simply entertaining aspects of MTV are the music videos of all kinds of different artists they play, and shows like The Real World and Road Rules. These parts of MTV help take our mind off of the seriousness of today's problems, and just have some fun.


Sadly, MTV does have a few bad qualities about that, however, they are not enough to matter. MTV does play some videos with scantily-clad women, like Christina Aguilera, but it must be noted that there is no actual nudity. Every once in a while somebody will say a swear word, but because the "f" and "s-words" aren't allowed on public television, you never actually hear them. The last thing making MTV not bad, is the fact that nobody is actually forcing you to watch it.


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Tuesday, May 25, 2021

The Poorly informed Walrus

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The Poorly Informed Walrus


Effective communication is hard work, but somebody has to do it! This story clearly exhibits a leader who has not yet mastered the skills of being an effective communicator. If he had mastered this skill, he would feel more comfortable relaying his thoughts and his feeling to everyone. Whether you are leading or directing others, you should always be able to communicate to achieve a positive outcome.


This story takes place in the icy shores of the Artic Bay where a walrus named Basil is suppose to lead a herd of walruses to meet their quota for the number of herring caught. Their journey so far is not much of a success because they have not demonstrated effective communication skills. They are afraid to communicate to their chief the mission is a challenge for them. They dread the outcome of relaying this information to the chief because they feel that he will come down hard on them. The chief's hasty attitude had made him unapproachable to the other walruses. The walruses feel threatened by asking questions, but they need to realize that asking questions when you are not clear about certain situations help you gain valuable information.


As the days move on the walruses were faced with more trouble. A new herd had moved in and the supply of herring dwindled. Once again Basil did not effectively communicate to the chief. This lack of communication eventually forced the other walruses to move to a new herd. Nonetheless, Basil never had the heart to communicate the truth to the chief. If the chief was properly communicated to, he could have made some positive changes.


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Fear is the number one factor that has kept this herd from succeeding. Instead of the herd effectively communicating with their chief, to see if it would have brought about a positive change, they decided to not face the situation at all. This lack of communication was not fair to the chief as well as the other herd. The walruses should have given the chief the opportunity to know how they felt. This would have given the chief the chance to possibly change or to make the environment a little more comfortable for the walruses.


Being an effective communicator is important to everyone at any level. Communicating effectively is a skill that many of us lack on a daily basis. Some people are afraid to speak up on certain situations and this causes then to miss out on certain opportunities. If the lines of communication were opened for the walruses, there may have been a more positive outcome and a more trusting climate. In any situation, effective communication can have a direct impact on motivation, action and relationships.


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Cloud Nine

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Cloud Nine



When our car would pull onto the gravel road of the drive-in movie theatre the dust from the tires hitting the gravel would fly up into the air. We would then be right on the drive-thru ramp that took us up to the gate. At the fluorescent blue gate, our car had to stop next to a pay booth island. An extremely handsome, muscular man named Joey, would take our admission fees and let us through the gate. The gate slammed open exactly three hours before the movie would start. One very scary flick is all it would take to put us all on cloud nine. I remember always looking to my right and seeing the bright orange and yellow painted concession stand. I would walk over all alone to it, just to see the people who were there. I would see young boys and girls, carrying foot-long hot dogs and could smell the real butter that was being poured onto their fresh popcorn. When I would return back to our car that was loaded with all of our friends, we would test the sound with the windows up and the windows half down. We had to hang those traditional drive-in speakers right on our window because we were all nostalgically inclined and refused to put on our own car radio. We would look straight ahead at the ninety foot, huge, steel, movie screen and behind it in the background right before dusk we could always see the illuminating green lawn, several pine trees and hear the people in the car next to us telling jokes. The fiery red sunset would just dissolve away and then twenty-five million mosquitoes would start joining us inside our vehicle. Some mosquitoes would fly into my mouth and I can still taste them to this day. Then our most favorite part of the evening, the movie would start!


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Monday, May 24, 2021

Epic of Gilgamesh vs Genesis flood story

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Myths are an attempt by pre-scientific people to explain the environment around them.(Lecture) Oftentimes myths would be started to explain why catastrophes occurred. It was not only easier, but also more entertaining to blame a benevolent being, rather than find the actual source. Myths are commonly confused with legends and fables. Legends are partially based on truth and they are normally started to entertain the masses.(Lecture) Fables, on the other hand, are a way of spreading morality, yet they too contain a level of entertainment.(Lecture) As a way of understanding ancient cultures, historians commonly look at myths. The oldest written myth is The Epic of Gilgamesh, which bares strong resemblance to the Genesis Flood story, written 1500 years before.(Human pg.7) Both stories have very common plot lines and many similarities. Yet, the two stories still have strong differences.


Gilgamesh and Genesis have many similarities. Both tell of mass destruction. God of Genesis and the Gods of Gilgamesh killed all humans on the world except one religious man and his family. In both stories the mass destruction takes place by flooding and an ark is built to hold a pair of all the animals of the world.(Human pg.7) A deity intervenes to save mankind and when given the task of hero, both men complain about the assignment of building the ark. Another similarity is that the hero of both stories sends out three birds. The third bird is the indicator of finding land. Both heroes sacrifice something to their god or gods. Also, both deities seem sorry for the destruction. During this period of time many cities laid on rivers.


As a result of the myths containing flooding, the people were trying to explain a common occurrence. Yet, the people needed security from the fear of a flood wiping out the world. Hence, the gods or god promising to never wipe out the earth. By having a single boat involved the people of a common bond. The knowledge that their ancestors and the ancestors of all the animals in the world going the same ordeal would give the masses a certain respect for every individual. Hopefully, curbing the peoples need for violence and desgressions against others.


A major difference between the two is the fact that the Epic of Gilgamesh is polytheistic and Genesis Flood story is monotheistic. The changing in the times reflects the change in the ethical standpoint of the two stories. The period in Mesopotamia, where the Epic of Gilgamesh was written, was a time of huge change. There were new gods for every city, that the people were forced to worship. Everyone had their own idea of what life should be according to which god they chose. People had no unity in religion other than the tales they told. Since Mesopotamia was such a transient area, people adopted its myths and pasted them on as they moved.(Earth pg.) A passing individual adopted the story of Gilgamesh and altered the tale to project a story that would emphasize what was needed for another culture. Hence, the birth of the ethical monotheistic Genesis Flood story.


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Though the largest difference in the two stories is their theological stand, there are still many other differences between the two. In Gilgamesh, Ut-Napishtim received his instructions indirectly through a dream, but Noah received them directly from Jehovah. This alteration in the myth is trying to give people the idea that they are closer to god than in any other religion. In Mesopotamia to rule you must be considered semi-divine, but if god spoke to you directly that would give you religious power. Another difference in the stories is the length of time each ark was on the water. Noah's ark was on the water for forty days; Ut-Napishtim was on the water for 6 days.(Human pg.7) The interval of time could be relevant to each culture at the time, but today it holds no meaning. The releasing of the birds to find land is another difference. Though both of them released three doves, they chose different birds. Ut-Napishtim sent out a dove, swallow and a raven, Noah sent out a raven and two doves.(Human pg. ) In the Biblical story, the sending out of the dark colored bird and it returning with nothing could show that darkness doesn't avail. Yet the white dove, the symbol of peace, returns with the olive branch.


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World War I

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From 1871- 114 Austria's empire was falling apart. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a leader for Austria. A Serbian in Bosnia shot him to death. What had happened is that he was in Bosnia, since he had just taken over it, and he went to his first meeting with the crowd. When he was there someone threw a grenade at him and he managed to hit it into the crowd. He was going to the other side of town when he decided not to go and he told the guy that was driving him to turn around and once he did the Archduke and his wife were shoot by a Serbian guy named Princip. Although the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered World War One, the war would have occurred anyways because the main reasons for the war were the system of alliances and militarism.


The assassination of the archduke made World War One start in 114 because the event led to Austria declaring war. Austria gave Serbia and ultimatum, and Serbia refused. Since Serbia refused to accept the ultimatum Austria decided to declare war. Since Serbia had support from Russia and France, Germany had to step in and help out Austria. Now that France and Russia were moving troops to the German border, Germany had to declare war on France and Russia.


The new system of alliances that was formed after Bismark was fired led to the war. When Bismark was ruling Germany he formed alliances with many countries in Europe. When he was fired, Wilhelm came in and he decided that he didn't want these alliances and so he destroyed them. He wanted only a few allies, so he went to Austria. The reason he went to Austria is because he saw that Austria was getting weak so he decided that they needed help and Germany might need help too so they allied with each other. So France and Russia allied too. So the first alliance was France, Russia, Serbia, and Britain. Now that Europe was divided into two major alliances if one little country caused war all of Europe would go. That did happen, and Austria declared war on Serbia. Serbia was allied with Russia, France and Britain while Austria was with allied with Germany. Once the war broke out between Austria and Serbia, Russia and France stepped in and same thing with Germany so this set off a World War.


Militarism was another cause of World War One. It looked to each country that there would be a huge war coming, but they weren't sure when. So they were getting prepared. Whatever one country had the other country had to have more. For example Germany and Britain were in the race for more ships and bigger navy, while Russia and Germany were in a race over a bigger army, and bigger military. This war would be a war of mass destruction and everyone was just waiting for it to happen. This competition over arms created a lot of tension in Europe. Once this war went off it was a huge war, lots of lives were lost but everyone was expecting that.


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Restoration

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Creatures in nature have inherent value; therefore I argue that the "Restoration Thesis" and any ideas stemming from this thesis are unsuitable ways of approaching our human interaction with nature. Some supporters of this "Restoration Thesis" will argue that the use of any natural setting for utilitarian purposes is acceptable as long as they can restore it to its previous state after use to the extent that there are not many differences between the original setting and the artificial one. In this essay I will prove those restoration theorists, such as Martin Krieger, to be mistaken in their ideas, and support an anti-restoration viewpoint taken by other philosophers such as Robert Elliot.


The "Restoration Thesis" is the theory based on restoration that is used as a rationalization for the destruction of nature. Restoration thesis supporters believe that any harm done to nature by humans is ultimately repairable through restoration and therefore should be discounted. Personally, I do not support this thesis, and neither does Robert Elliot, and through an elaborate analogy between the relationship between original and replicated works of art and nature, he viably writes off this thesis all-together. Elliot believes, as do I, that because nature has inherent value, and we as humans are morally obligated to preserve it, or at least the pieces of it that we can, from human interference and disruption. In this viewpoint, there is one core idea that nature possesses intrinsic value which cannot be replaced in any way, shape, or form, and that the value is borne of its organic state. Therefore, any human interference inevitably diminishes this value to an irreplaceable extent.


In my personal opinion, I agree with Elliot's main claims and support the views that he expresses. I think that trying to replicate nature, although we have the technology to do so, in a way diminishes the quality of the items being replaced, not only physically, but in the minds of the viewers. Aesthetically speaking, if some great natural disaster were to run through the Grand Canyon, destroying one of our country's greatest natural wonders, would we try to rebuild the Grand Canyon? First of all, would it really be humanly possible to re-create such a thing, and secondly would the artificial Grand Canyon be as wondrous? In his essay "Faking Nature", Elliot attacks these types of questions with the debate that a humanly affected area does not hold the same value of the original natural state because "…Origin is important as an integral part of the evaluation process…" [1, 4] He argues that the knowledge of the history or process of creation of a natural object molds the perceptions of an object. By his example of fine art, if one was to be given a famous original artwork as a gift, one would be flattered because of its value in its original form, however, if that same person were to discover that their gift was a replica, their idea of its value would greatly decrease and the person would not be as impressed. Another example, that Elliot gives to support this idea that value comes from origin, is the example of an individual finding an object which they find aesthetically pleasing, later this person finds out that the object is made out of the bones of a slaughtered man, killed for the very purpose of creating the object. As this person once found the object pleasing, he may now reject the item and devalue it purely on the basis of its origins, and although the object has not changed in any physical way, the idea of the object has drastically changed in this persons mind and its value is has also completely changed.


Elliot is basically making the point that replacement does not always have the same value as an original. In a personal example, imagine a woman being given a beautiful and very expensive diamond wedding ring. This ring was given to her in the holy sanctity of marriage by the one man she truly loves. Obviously, to this woman this ring holds much material and sentimental value. Now imagine that this woman were to lose this ring during her daily routine, never to be discovered again. If the couple has insurance for the ring, another ring, looking exactly like the ring that has been lost, can be given to the woman therefore "replacing" the lost ring. The new ring would never be able to have the same sentimental value as the original because it was not given to the woman on the day of her wedding, now whenever this woman looks at her ring she will be reminded of the fact that she lost the original and this is simply a replacement ring. As Elliot puts it, the presence of the same object as before is not what brings aesthetic appreciation. The perceived appreciation results when one has an original and knows that they are in the presence of history (as in the woman's case.) Although the same object can be replicated and replaced, the memory of the origins of the first object will never be forgotten and that value can never be reproduced. Overall, all of Elliot's examples, coupled with my own example, are designed to disprove the restoration thesis and show that nature can never be reproduced entirely, and that by "restoring" nature you are actually devaluing it significantly.


Custom Essays on Restoration


Supporters of the restoration thesis, such as Martin H. Krieger, challenge us to state why artificial objects are not as good as natural ones. Krieger also goes on to examine the cost and benefits of preserving natural objects in relation to other economic or social needs. He uses the term "preservation" to loosely mean, reconstruct or restore when he makes his points about nature. "We build temples or other monuments to our society (often by means of preservation) and believe that they represent important investments in social unity and coherence. If a forest symbolizes the frontier for society and if that frontier is meaningful in the society's history, then there may be good reasons for preserving it." [, ] Martin Krieger and other supporters of the restoration thesis believe that "preservation" or more closely restoration is a very acceptable way of controlling and paying for human damages to nature. Basically, Krieger holds the view that whatever is the most economically sensible option, should go weather or not it disrupts nature in any way, shape, or form. Krieger argues that what is valuable from the environment is human experience, and so artificial substitutes for natural objects are substantial alternatives for the human race. In opposition to Elliot, Krieger and supporters of the restoration thesis believe that although one's perception of an object or environment may change once aware of its origin or creation, if the object were to be unaware of this activity, the object, in the mind of the human, would have the same inherent value.


In rebuttal to Krieger's argument, Elliot grants that, despite weather the person knows of the loss of value or not, it is inevitably there, and someone somewhere knows about it. Elliot also argues that by the person being unaware of an object's fraudulence, the person can therefore be hurt by this unawareness because humans seek truth. "Even if environmental engineers could achieve such exactitude," Elliot says of restoration, "there is, I suggest, no compelling reasons for accepting the restoration thesis. It is worth str4essing though that, as a matter of strategy, environmentalists must argue the empirical inadequacy of restoration proposals. This is the strongest argument against restoration ploys, because it appeals to diverse value frameworks, and because such proposals are premises to deliver a specific good. Showing that the good won't be delivered is thus a useful move to make." [1, 4] As Elliot emphasizes, the best strategy for preservation is to argue that the restoration of an environment will not recreate the previous value to an individual because such projects are never successful, and the human mind can not recreate memories.


In conclusion, both philosophers make detailed cases as to why restoration is or is not a viable way of approaching human impact on nature. Overall, the claim that nature has intrinsic value always rises to the top of the argument, to strike down any theories of equality in restoration. The restoration thesis is by and large an inadequate theory, and cannot be fully supported, and as Elliot states "leaves out too much." The value of any object, being natural or man-made, is not only valuable because of its aesthetic value, but also for its value in the human mind based on its origin.


Clark University, Environmental Ethics - Prof. Patrick Derr, 18 February, 00, H.Ohmart


Enviornmental Ethics - Louis Pojman


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