A View of Post Colonial Africa, Analysis of "Things Fall Apart" Achebe, versus "Out of Africa" Dinesen

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A VIEW OF AFRICA

An analysis of the view of Africa from Ahebe's "Things Fall Apart"

and Dinesen's "Out of Africa."

Africa in the mist of colonization became a land of great mysteries. A land that had marvelous landscapes and view from points so far up as if you were viewing the world from heavens. A land filled with lush foliage, and unlimited variety of animals, natural resources yet untouched from the hand of industrialization. Africa was wild country, or was it? Africa was simply a continent separated by the Mediterranean Sea from Europe. Up until the beginning of the twentieth century Africa was a continent inhabited by its natives, those that called Africa their home. They lived in tribes or communities and had their laws and traditions. They had hierarchies within the tribes and amongst them from village to village. Africa was ruled by nature, since the African natives lived and worked with the land and the animals that shared this country with them.

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Europe at this time was industrialized as a continent. The European countries had the marvel of technology and ingenuity, Europe was a proud region with functioning government and economically wealthy. Europe was educated as a whole, and the aristocracy left years and years of wealthy families controlling the social and economical landscape of Europe. Europeans now had it all, and when I say all, I mean power. Power to conquer the world, or in terms created by modern grammar, they were conquering third worlds. Africa was a third world at this time. Africa was simply living with nature and thus technological advancements had not yet reached the African natives. They had no trade with Europe and no economical power, thus no global voice.

Europe in an attempt to create new opportunities for wealth and growth started to colonize, and the closest and most inhabitable land was Africa. Africa was close enough that travel only took but days, a land rich in its soil for farming. Africa was a land with untapped resources since the Africans existed with nature and didn't reap with out giving back. This made Africa even more desirable to European. When the Europe started to colonize Africa all the countries divided Africa amongst themselves. Since the Africans were not yet industrialized, they did not have the means to create the weapons needed to defend their land and thus were conquered. Still Africa was a new land and the colonies need the assistance of the native Africans for labor.

During this time the history of Africa was being written, but not by Africans but rather by European. They called Africa wild and savage. They wrote that Africa was a primitive world that needed to be civilized and conquered. Europe had grace and distinction and Africa was simply a savage and beastly land. These were the words that were written by Joseph Conrad about Africa. Joseph's views of Africa were widespread throughout all of Europe. Mostly through written form, was this view spread through Europe.

Until Chinua Achebe wrote " Things Fall Apart" was the view of pre-colonized Africa seen by westerners as a civilized community. Chinua Achebe was born in 10 in an Igbo town of Ogidi in southeastern Nigeria. At his birth Nigeria was already colonized and Achebe started his education at the Missionary Society's School. He first started learning in his native language, but at the age of eight started to learn English. This gave Achebe great patriotism to his native culture, since most of his upbringing was in his native language and culture. Achebe was educated at Government College, Umuahia and then at University College, Ibadan. Achebe graduated college in 15 and started his career in radio with the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC.) In London at BBC Staff School he finished the novel "Things fall Apart" and submitted it to a publisher and it was published in 158. This novel gave Achebe overnight fame. After he returned to the NBC he was invited to teach at the University of Nigeria, and then to the American University of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Achebe's novel

"Things Fall Apart" gave westerners a view of Africa they had never seen before. Africa was seen as a country that was primitive with no history or language. Achebe gave African's history and language, he also gave them culture, traditions, values, and morals. Achebe also made Africans violent and with the same triumphs and tribulations as westerners. For the first time we were able to see Africa as an African. To see a world that we thought did not exist suddenly appear. He gave Africa a voice no longer a mystery, but rather a culture. Just like that of Europe at least in the sense of social structure.

The other writer we will be using for this analysis is a Danish writer Karen Blixen who wrote "Out of Africa" under the pseudonym of Isak Dinesen. Baroness Karen Blixen was born in Rungsted, Denmark into a wealthy patrician family. Dinesen's father was a writer and an army officer whose had a gift of storytelling about his adventures. This influence gave Dinesen her incredible talent for storytelling. Dinesen's outlook and manner were completely aristocratic. She attended the Royal Academy of Art in Copenhagen, and also studied in England, Switzerland, Italy and France. Dinesen's debut as a writer in 107 was with several short stories, and in 114 moved to Kenya to wed her cousin and start a coffee farm. She lived in Africa from 114 to 11. During this time she managed the farm, even after she divorced her cousin in 11. The farm was located 6,000 feet above see level and gave very bad crops. This led to Dinesen selling the farm and numerous failures over the sixteen-year span. Dinesen left Africa in 11 and in 14 published the autobiography "Out of Africa." Dinesen first acclaim came with the first set of books she published the "Seven Gothic Tales" but it was Out of Africa that gave us another inside of view of Africa.

Dinesen was a very talented and artistic storyteller, whose views and prose in the book made Africa to be a place were she came to now more about herself than anywhere else. She was a very intelligent woman with a kind and caring heart. She came to know Africa in a way that no other writer at the time had shown or expressed Africa to be. Dinesen's Africa was like a home she wanted to create for herself and never leave, but came to know that it was never hers to begin with. As she writes in the final chapters "Farewell to the Farm," she relives a conversation with Denys where she notes that the farm never belonged to her. Still as compassionate as she is with Africa, and in love with the land and it's native. She still writes about a colonized Africa. Her views of helping the poor primitives, as in when she starts the school for the Africans children to attend or when she cures the young boy's leg. Dinesen, throughout the book is in an artistic romance with Africa, but still it is more of the view of that most of Europe had with the African natives. She in turn shows how she makes the effort to educate them, give them their independence through British beliefs and values. Dinesen only late in the book gave the Africans the acknowledgement that she was never there to give, but it was Africa that gave her.

The View of Africa is very different by these two writers and both books are taking place around the same time. Things Falling Apart and Out of Africa both take place during the colonization of Africa by Europe yet they both give very different insights to Africans and their culture. In both books Africans are depicted by the view of the westerner and the African as to give us a voice that once they did not have and then they did. In order to analyze how literature has changed the voice of Africans I will use both of these books to show how Africans came to be known as primitives and then a culture with all the same aesthetics as Europeans. First we will look at Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" then Dinesen's "Out of Africa," and the literary prose used to show the humanity and primitiveness in both. Do Africans have a voice, did they have a language, are Africans with as much right and grace as European, and most importantly at which point did the world view it as such.

Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" was not only a literary success for Achebe; instead it was an even larger success for Africans. His novel takes place in Nigeria where he depicts the protagonist Okonkwo a self made man in his village. Achebe gives Okonkwo's father a life of a charming loather. He shows Okonkwos motivation and drive to become something more, to earn title in his village. Achebe gives us an insight into the mind of Okonkwo and what it is that creates the values and beliefs he holds. He brings light in the world of Okonkwo with the rigidity he rules his household and the firmness he holds to the elders in the tribe. The protagonist strives for order and tradition, and respects the orders of the tribe even when it's not in his favor. Throughout the book it takes you into the daily lives and festivities of the characters, in other words Africans. He gave a sense of social structure and most humanity. He gives us a humanity that at times was cruel and savage, but also humanity with fairness and justice.

In the beginning were he writes about the murder of a female of his tribe, Achebe show's how the justice of these tribes dictate that the murdering village would have to give the village of the murdered woman a virgin and a young child. Through this act Achebe show's Africans to have a sense of justice for crimes committed in the villages. He show's that a sense of structure exits. He also show's a sense of religion through the oracle, even as she predicts that the young boy that Okonkwo took in as his own son must die. The murder of the young child is carried out, and the protagonist follows as well. Achebe takes it even to show the sense of duty, honor, and the fear of Okonkwo, by having the protagonist assist in the murdering of the young boy.

Achebe as shows the economic value of work, in with which a man's worth in the tribe is measured by how many yams he has. Achebe show how a man can provide for his family and thus gives the characters in the book a structure of wealth and prosperity. The details of the harvest and the work behind it, as well as the significance of owning your own farm, gives us great insight into an economical and social structure relevant to that Europeans at the time. So are they savages? How could they be, if all of a sudden a race that was considered uneducated has a social and economical structure. All of these factors as to a civilized race our pointed out over the surface of the book. In other words the point of a culture with a language and most importantly a voice is given just by reading. But a more underlying factor is written throughout the book. Achebe's shows the rise and fall of Okonkwo, but metaphorically can Okonkwo be a representation of all African Culture.

As through Okonkwo's fall from grace and eventual exile, his rigidity and temperament were his ultimate down fall. He was too strong to be weak and thus life was only one way for him. Okonkwo world was a world of right and wrong, either existence as it should be or no existence at all. Achebe shows in the latter of the book when the colonization begins that Okonkwo could do nothing to stop it. As if paralyzed by his fears and his beliefs, and Okonkwo did not know any other way to be. He only knew what was right and what was happening was not, but he could not stop it. The Villages culture and structure collapsed and ceased, as did Africa's by the colonization. Achebe's "Things Fall Apart" is most important because it gives us an insight to Africa as a civilization and not this magical land of mystery. There is no mystery in Achebes book, a thing simply exits and therefore they are. He show's that Africa was not this untamed land but a land that was very tamed by it's natives. Africa was before colonization a country with structure and most importantly a voice, just one never heard in Europe. Joseph Conrad would say that Africans were beastly and primitive, but this novel shows us otherwise. That is was not primitive just not industrialized and thus no bartering was done with Europe. But oh yes a voice they did have and Achebe put it to writing. Still there is the view of the westerners, the view that Europe had, that what they called the civilized world had. A view of a magical and wonderful place, the view that Dinesen shows us in "Out of Africa."

Dinesen shows us an Africa through her autobiography "Out of Africa" an Africa that is beautiful and majestic. Dinesen's writings are that of a storyteller, and through out the book she writes about a land unknown to her. A land with marvels to be seen for the first time, as when Mr. Denys takes her on safari and the character states, "I want you to see something." He wanted to show her Africa as it was. He showed her an Africa without the colonies or the intrusion of the Europeans. Dinesen writes about her farm as if a piece of Africa belonged to her, simply because she bought it. This is a point of view that is western in belief, as if her paying some other British owner gives her the right to a land taken from the Africans in Kenya, and to make it hers. Since her arrival to Kenya the book shows her to hold the belief that all Europe had of Africa. She has a view of a primitive land with primitive and uneducated people. This is depicted in the arrival to Kenya and tells the native Kenyan that came to picker her up to be careful of the china in the crates. She looks and repeats it, and the comedy in return is that the Kenyan assistant looks as her and said, "yes it breaks."

Dinesen arrives to Africa with the eyes of a European and worst yet an aristocratic one. She quickly starts to work on the home and the farm. Again here she shows how she first sees the Africans in their huts and in a village with dirt floors, and as she puts her own home in order as if she never left Denmark. She quickly starts to make changes with the help, which is all of African descent. She makes the servers wear white gloves. This is a tradition of the European that she instills in them. She also comes across a native boy with an injury and quickly her kind heart goes to the boy in any attempt to cure him. The boy eventually comes to the house of Dinesen and she cures him and eventually becomes her cook. Again giving the author the belief of heroine to help the poor African natives. As if they were lost without her, as if their existence was made better by her arrival.

Dinesen falls in love with Africa and the she writes about the festivities of the dances and parties that the Africans attended at her home. She writes about the hardship as well, the new savage land that she struggles with. Dinesen's experience with the lions creates a view of a savage continent were humans can become the prey. Africa becomes a place so dangerous that most women would not wander to far from town. In her experience with the wars between the colonies, she writes of how the African natives were used as soldiers. The native Kenyan's were forced to fight one another for the rights of the colonies and their territories. To create this portrayal of the poor African being used and forced to fight by the colonies, gives us the perception of a week culture not knowing any better and without will. The Kenyan's are shown as the oppressed savages that are kept in control.

Dinesen is a very artistic and intelligent writer; she also shows us the softer and angelic side of Africa, a side of beauty and grace. Of course she does this with the land and the animals that inhabit Africa, but not with the Kenyan's. This is present in the stubborn chief that does not allow the children to attend school only the little ones. This is done because the chief does not want any members of the tribe to be smarter than him while he is alive. The small children would not be grown up until the death of the chief and only these are taught to read and write. The writer shows the ignorance of the chief and a culture holding on to its systems of beliefs, a culture afraid of change, and a rigid culture. She shows a culture with no voice one she is very different from, in the matters of belief, culture, education, wealth, and language. Dinesen makes it a point to help the Kenyans so much as if they could not help themselves. She takes the role of mother and protector, and role I am sure the Kenyans would say is as inventive and imaginative as her writings, but only accurate to western beliefs.

After reading both books and the way that Africans are shown in both books it is hard to believe that intelligent westerners would have the opinion of Africans to be savage. Obviously the books written approximately twenty years apart show such a large difference in what is Africa. The view of the African people is mainly the major difference in the two books. In Achebe's book the land was beautiful and the landscape magnificent, the days of the festivals were all grand and merry. The continent that is Africa is one of pure beauty. Achebe writes to the rains and the moons and the harvest. All with such vibrant colors and smell so specific that you could tell it apart anywhere. As to Dinesen when she writes of Africa in respect to the land, she writes of a type of eden. Here own personal utopia and a place where she saw the most beautiful sunsets and most beautiful landscapes. They both write about the animals and the strength, power, and grace they all have. But when both writers write about the African they share as much as water would share with oil.

Achebe's Africans have a language, were as in Dinesen's she would us an interpreter. Thus creating the distinction that there is no language that they spoke. In Dinesen's even though she was from Denmark she would still speak queens English. English was the universal language and that of the Africans was unimportant. As she tries to teach the children English, but never speaks of her learning to speak their language. This gives the representation that the only language worth learning was English and thus giving the African no voice. In Achebe's book the Africans in Nigeria all spoke the same language, even when the beating of the drums came from distant villages they all knew what was being said. Achebe also shows the when Okonkwo went to various villages that he communicated with the same voice or language. These clearly show to very different views of the two writes.

Achebe shows his protagonist to be cruel, but he also gives you a reason for his cruelty and as you read you sympathize with Okonkwo. Achebe shows the characters to have all the qualities seen in any culture. In Things Fall Apart the character show all the qualities of strength, wisdom, authority, cruelty, savageness, fairness, justice and a reason to every situation that occurs. As for Dinesen she only shows a culture that is weak and timid. She shows us a culture that has been conquered and tamed, and whose only reason is to be instructed by us. Dinesen shows an African unable to fend for themselves and mostly one that we must think for. She gives us an image of the African that was savage, but that the Europeans can teach.

I conclusion what we saw of Africa in literature and belief in the early part of the twentieth century was an Africa as depicted by Dinesen, a savage country with savage natives. Unlike Europe and Asia, Africa was in perfect harmony with nature. Africa still had not been industrialized and did not trade with other countries. Europe become the start of the industrial revolution and because of that became the power continent that it was. It has money and government but most importantly it had the technology to conquer.

Africa did not the sea that separated Africa from Europe separated the distance of growth between the two continents. Africa saw no industrial revolution until it was conquered. The lack of industry and power at the global level gave Africa no voice, as a culture and a society. Africa was invaded and it's labor sold by the European countries as salves. The not only lost the culture they new, they lost their freedom, until Achebe gave it back. In conclusion did Africa have a language and a voice based on these two books? Of course it did, just not that of Europe and Europe did not have that of Africa. A century later we now know better don't we. Africa has a voice, and if you listen to you can hear it's beat.

WORKS CITED

Achebe, Chinua Things Fall Apart. New York Anchor Books, 14

Dinesen, Isak Out of Africa and Shadows on the Grass. New York Vintage International, 18

Unknown Author Chinua Thnkgs Fall Apart; February 5, 00, Addison Public Library, 0th of June, 00 http//www.addison.lib.il.us/6achebe.asp

Diane Sauders Things Fall Apart, 000, Pinkmonkey, 0th of June, 00 http//www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmThingsFall01.asp

Unknown Author Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen) - Notes to Stalking Iguanas, 0th of June, 00

http//www.whiterabbit.net/@port0/Dinesen/Notes/notes.htm

Unknown Author Dinesen, Isak, 000, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 0th of June, 00

http//www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0815548.html

Please note that this sample paper on A View of Post Colonial Africa, Analysis of "Things Fall Apart" Achebe, versus "Out of Africa" Dinesen is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A View of Post Colonial Africa, Analysis of "Things Fall Apart" Achebe, versus "Out of Africa" Dinesen, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A View of Post Colonial Africa, Analysis of "Things Fall Apart" Achebe, versus "Out of Africa" Dinesen will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Christianity and Islam

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Christianity and Islam look at merchants and trade form different points of views. As time has advanced, the views of both religions of trade and merchants have altered in both positive and negative ways.

During the early years of Christianity, trade was considered immoral and an obstacle that would stand and block the bridge linking you to heaven. It is stated in Document 1, that being wealthy would place you further away from God and consequently, further away from God's kingdom. "…a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven. And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God." Being wealthy was thought of negatively by the New Testament, possibly meaning that earning a lower income would draw you nearer to God. This would have been more convincing if it had been written by a wealthy man, because he wouldn't be biased if he or she had written the document. Document describes the life of a twelfth-century British wealthy merchant, St. Godric, who retires and devotes himself to God and chooses to spend his wealth on charity. Although it was written in Matthews that a wealthy man would hardly go to heaven in, St. Godric proceeded trading. But he devoted himself to God, used his wealth in charities, and aided the poor. "He sold all his possessions and distributed them among the poor. For above all things he coveted the life of a hermit." This example showed that trade is not done only for personal benefits but it also for the benefits of others, such as the poor and the ill.

Islam's beliefs towards merchants and trade were positive during the 600's C.E. Many of the Muslims were traders or merchants traveling around there area selling or trading their goods. Islam supports trade but only to an extent. Document is a part of the Qur'an which instructs merchants how to trade lawfully and truthfully. "If the two parties speak the truth and make it manifest, their transaction shall be blessed, and if they conceal and tell a lie, the blessing of their transaction shall be obliterated." Merchants and trades are supported by the Qur'an. "On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith."

Christianity has changed over the centuries. They have come to accept trade, but must be done accordingly. In Document 4, Thomas Aquinas, a leading Scholastic theologian of 17 points out how to trade in a Christian manner. In Matthew, it is written that you should no sell something to another man for more than it is worth. "All things…whatsoever you would that men should do to you do you also to them." I think Thomas Aquinas is basically trying to say that you shouldn't cheat your customer or even sell things that are not yours. People also thought that God influence people to trade and that with his presence his trading will go well. In Document 6, one of the merchants states in a letter "With God always before us, we will carry out your bidding." Christianity's views on trade and merchants have changed from being condemned, to being used for daily life.

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Islam's views on trade and merchants have also adjusted. The Muslims made it a daily occupation. In document 6 Ibn Khaldun mainly writes about the importance of trade and making profit. This is a sign of change because in Document it states that you shouldn't sell something for more than it is worth. Islam has not followed the writings of the Qur'an. In Document 7 it shows a problem that had occurred during a trade transaction. Islam has changed negatively. They took to much advantage of trade, and forgot about the writings in the Qur'an.

Both Christianity and Islam have changed over time, due to scholars who thought otherwise than the New Testament and the Qur'an. Since trade in both of the religions had started off at different paces and different starting points, their views on trade and merchants turned out different. Overall, Christianity's development was more righteous and more original than the development of Islam. Christianity and Islam have altered because of different perspectives of scholars of their religions and due to the requirement and changes of the market.

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Angela's Ashes

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The Civil Right Act of 164 was established to stop discrimination. Believe it or not, discrimination is one of the biggest problems that the world faces today. In the United States, discrimination is a very big problem these days. There are many kinds of discrimination age, sex, appearance and many others. In the following lines I will explain how discrimination could change your life.

Discrimination begins when a group of people thinks they are better than another group of people. In my life, discrimination had only hurt one person in my family. My aunts live in Santo Domingo where she once was a secretary at a bank. In that bank where my aunt used to work men got paid more than women. Her boss was always telling her that a woman does not need as much money as a man. My aunt told me that her boss what the kind of man that believed a man should be the boss in the family and that women should listen to them. Carmen try to change his opinion a little bit, but she couldnt so she decides to quit. It was a very unpleasant experience for her and my family.

School is another place where you could face discrimination. One of my best friends had a very bad experience at school with discrimination. Her name is Eridania Gonzalez and this incident occurs at her high school. There was a volleyball game at her school gym. In the middle of a game at her school some kids from the back sit started hitting the bench so hard that Eridania got hurt. One of the kids hit Eridania so, she hit him back and everybody stated to yell, "Fight". Eridania and the other kid where taken to the principal's office. Eridania did not spoke English well so, when she spoke to the principal in Spanish he didnt paid any attention and ask his assistant to call her mother and tell what happen and give Eridania detention. As for the boy, he told the principal his story and he wasnt punished at all. Eridania mother couldnt do anything because she didnt spoke English, either. The principal didnt want a lot of trouble so he decides to fix the problem his way.

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Another type of discrimination is SIZE discrimination. Why? Because my little sister is under 5 feet tall and she is discriminated a lot for her size. For example, at amusement parks there are some rides she cant go on because she dont reach a line on a wall; sometimes she's treated like a little girl because She looks small; and sometimes people think she is a nd grader when she is really 11-years-old and in the 6th grade. All in all discrimination in any form is wrong.

A discrimination free world does not exist, but one can reduce the degree of discrimination. To escape from discrimination, or to seek justice, a person must be aware of his/her rights.

Please note that this sample paper on Angela's Ashes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Angela's Ashes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Angela's Ashes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Rose for Emily Symbolisms

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There are many symbolisms in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily. An unidentified narrator begins the story of Miss Emilys life with her funeral. Although the name and identity of the narrator is not mentioned, it is assumed that he or she is a part of the townsfolk. The story shifts through the past and present times of Emily Grierson's life. She was from an earlier era and refused to let go of the past.

The narrator shifts the story back to Emily's past. She held on to an era gone by when her family once held a high status over the townsfolk. In one instance, the City Authorities attempted to revoke her tax-exempt status. After they mailed numerous letters and personally visited Miss Emily, their attempt had failed. The reason for their failure was due to the high authority Miss Emily possessed over the townsfolk. Alive, Miss Emily has been a tradition, a duty, and a care; sort of heredity obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 184 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor-he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron-remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father into perpetuity. Emily's authority over the townsfolk is made clearly evident when she entered the store and requested arsenic from the druggist. The man at the store ignored all laws to fulfill Emily's odd request.

Another example of Emily's refusal to move on to a newer generation was her failure to notice the changes that took place around her house. As time passed on new buildings surrounded Emily's house. Only Miss Emily's house was left, lifting its stubborn coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps. The house was described as striking during its younger years. It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been one of our most selective streets. However, as the years continued the house began to fall apart. It became an eyesore to the townsfolk. The deterioration of the Grierson house can be compared to the physical decline of Miss Emily. The young Emily was seen as slender, pretty, and well groomed. In her later years, she is described as a small fat woman wearing all black. The house and Emily began to decay as generations passed.

Her refusal to give up her father's dead body showed her fear of the passage of time. There were different reminders of her past placed throughout the Grierson home including a portrait of her father who died a couple of years earlier. Another inference of Miss Emily's refusal to move on is the description of the gold watch she wore around her neck. It hung on her by a thin chain that descended to her waist and disappeared into her belt. Although the gold watch is not seen, the ticking was audible. They could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain. This serves as a symbol of Emily's failure to observe the passing of time. Generation after generation passed her by but she neglected to notice any changes.

The narrator provides all of these symbolisms through out the story, which lead to the discovery of Emily's disturbing secret. For two years Emily kept the dead body of her former lover in the house with her. It is obvious Miss Emily slept in the same bed each night with the dead body. Then we noticed that the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair. This was the hair from Emily's head. The opening of the room revealed a stagnant world of decay, which in many ways mirrored the decaying way of life Emily had experienced. The reason Emily held on to her former lover's dead body was due to her refusal to move on.

The gold watch, picture of Emily's father, and deterioration of the Grierson house were only some of the symbolisms used to describe Emily through out A Rose for Emily. The details of Miss Emily are collected in a series of incidents that paint a picture of the events surrounding her lover's death. In the end the message was clear. Emily Grierson was a product of an earlier era. She refused to let go of past generations and could not move on to the future.

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Xenotransplantation

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Over three thousand patients die each year while awaiting organ transplants. They die from heart, kidney, lung and liver failure. End-stage organ failure is one of the most important public health problems facing Americans today. Although this is a serious problem, scientists may have found a solution. That solution is known as xenotransplantation.

Good afternoon. My name is Sarah Cougill and I am proudly representing the Fairfield FFA. I am here today to talk to you about a new biotechnological subject known as xenotransplantation.

Xenotransplantation refers to procedures that use living, non-human animal cells, tissues, or organs for human therapeutic purposes. (HHS Fact Sheet, n.p.) Interest in xenotransplantion has reappeared recently. One reason for this sudden reappearance is that human-to-human transplants or allotransplantation have become extremely successful. This success has caused a demand for human cells, tissues and organs. However, the supply of these human cells, tissues and organs has not met the demand and xenotransplantation has been looked to for a possible solution. Scientific advances, such as potent new immunosuppressive drugs and the development of genetically engineered animals, also are increasing the chances of successful xenotransplantation outcomes. (HHS Fact Sheet, n.p.)

Since the 170s, the number of organ transplants performed each year in the U.S. has rose from 1,618 in 188 to about ,000 in 18. The number of patients on waiting lists for organs has rose from about 14,000 in 188 to 68,500 today. Some of these patients are in extremely urgent need of an organ. The amount of organ donation does not have a healthy growth rate. In 188, the number of donors amounted to 5,06 to ,1 in 18. Almost 5,000 people die each year, approximately 1 each day, while waiting for a transplant.

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Some of the animals that scientists have discussed using for xenotransplantation include pigs and baboons. The use of primates, especially chimpanzees, has been ruled out because of their close relatedness to humans and for fear of making them extinct. Pigs, on the other hand, are intelligent, used as a source of food, are distant from humans phylogenetically, and fall much lower on the personhood scale. (Agnew, n.p.)

One of the benefits of xenotransplantation is that patients will not have to wait for long periods of time for donors. Also, the transplantation of Pancreatic Islet cells can cure diabetes, the implants could treat Parkinson's and Huntingdon's disease, multiple sclerosis and the effects of strokes. (What is Xenotransplantation, n.p.) With the use of xenotransplantation, there will be an unlimited supply of organs; fresh harvesting of organs that helps avoid the effects of death on organs, infection free donors, and modification to donors. Pigs are good candidates for being used as donors. Pigs are already present in large numbers and millions are slaughtered for food. Pig organs have a relative size that makes them a good size-match for humans. The cost of pigs is also much lower than any other alternative. Pigs can also be bred to make them more compatible with humans.

A disadvantage of this idea is that the cost of xenotransplantation will be very expensive. In 16, The Institute of Medicine estimated costs to be about $0 billion a year. Alan Berger, a member of the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Xenotransplantation, estimates surgery itself will be anywhere from $15,000 to as high as $40,000 or $450,000 dollars. Another concern of the public is the chance of infecting patients and others with recognized or novel infectious agents transmitted from xenotransplants. Many fear that xenotransplantation will increase the risk of transmitting infectious agents. Also, pigs contain a galactose sugar as part of their genetic information that is known to the human immune system as a virus or bacteria. The human immune system attacks these sugars, destroying the organ and causing organ rejection and failure. Organ aging seems to be another problem. One human year is equal to years of a pig. It is not known if this rate of aging would occur in a human. Another concern is the risk of spreading porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) to humans. Although this causes no harm to pigs, it may play a part in resistance to infection. Some ethical issues regarding xenotransplantation are animal rights, allocation of resources, and distributive justice.

To overcome the possibility of spreading infectious agents, a new line of pigs free of viruses has been bred. Also, using the cloning technique, scientists have produced four piglets without one of the two genes that lead to rejection. Human antibodies could also be bound to pig sugars to lessen the effect, but not the outcome. With antibody synthesis, the human body would cause rejection in less than five minutes. Some scientists also believe that it is possible to remove the pig sugar from the pig's genetic makeup through gene therapy.

In 14, 4 year old Maribeth Cook had a stroke that left one side of her body paralyzed. In 1, she volunteered to become one of five stroke victims to participate in an experimental treatment using pig neural cells transplant. Maribeth had 0 million fetal pig cells implanted into the part of her brain that received damage from the stroke. Since the operation, she has completed a half-marathon, although she needs a leg brace to walk. Maribeth's thought processes are much clearer and her speech has improved since the operation. Maribeth was part of the early, Phase 1 clinical trial by the biotech company Diacrin to see if xenotransplants helped victims of strokes.

In 1, 1 year old Amanda Davis suffered a massive stroke that paralyzed her left side. She decided to have a pig neural cells transplant, but risked herself. She could become infected with a pig virus that could become a major health risk. Doctors suggested that Amanda should not have children because the long-term effects are unknown. Amanda signed a medical research consent form that will govern the rest of her life. This means no blood donations, safe sex, and recording of her partners. Amanda also has to agree to follow up for life and access to her tissues after her death for research studies. A week after her transplant, Amanda has a seizure and further trials were halted while doctors tried to figure out why. In the ten months that have passed since the treatment, Amanda has had no more seizures and can walk easily without her brace.

Jim Finn spent 0 years of his life with Parkinson's disease. He was at end-stage Parkinson's. Jim couldn't walk, talk, or use his hands. In 17, he became part of the experimental clinical trial. Jim had millions of fetal pig neural cells injected into part of his brain. Six months afterwards, he could walk by himself and get up and sit down from a chair. His neurologist said his improvements were remarkable.

In 17, Robert Pennington was facing acute liver failure and there was currently no human liver available. His surgeons suggested hooking him up to several pig livers outside of his body, which would filter his blood and keep him alive until a human donor was found. For seven hours over three days, Robert was attached to a pig liver from a transgenic pig. Then, a human liver was found. Pennington was one of a half dozen patients whose lives were saved using pig livers.

Some examples of cross-species virus transmission include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, filoviruses, hantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, and nipah virus. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease, is carried by cattle and causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Filoviruses include Ebola and the Marburg virus, which cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The hantavirus is transmitted by rodents and causes hemorrhagic fever and pneumonia. Human immunodeficiency virus comes from chimpanzees. Influenza goes from birds to pigs to humans. It has been known to kill 0 to 40 million people in 118, being labeled as the Spanish flu. The nipah virus occurred among pig farmers. This virus causes a form of viral encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain.

As of today, it is very unlikely that xenotransplants will be risk-free. The only way to avoid or help prevent diseases is monitoring of patients, recording of sex partners, and limited human trials. In time, many issues revolving around xenotransplantation will be resolved and xenotransplantation will move closer to becoming reality.

Please note that this sample paper on xenotransplantation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on xenotransplantation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on xenotransplantation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Marketing

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A firm's international marketing program must generally be

modified and adapted to foreign markets. This international

marketing program uses strategies to accomplish its

marketing goals. Within each foreign nation, the firm is

likely to find a combination of marketing environment and

target markets that are different from those of its own home

country and other foreign countries. It is important that in

international marketing, product, pricing, distribution and

promotional strategies be adapted accordingly. In order for

an international firm to function properly, cultural, social,

economic, and legal forces within the country must be

clearly understood. The task of International marketing is

more difficult and risky than expected by many firms.

One of the most controlling factors of international

marketing is management. It is very important for managers

to recognize the differences as well as similarities in buyer

behavior. Many mistakes can occur if managers fail to

realize that buyers differ from country to country. It is the

international differences in buyer behavior, rather than

similarities, which cause problems in successful international

marketing. An international marketing manager is a

manager responsible for facilitating the exchange of

products between the organization and its customers or

clients. Sometimes an international marketing manager will

find difficulties in completing the exchange of products.

Many surprises in international business are undesirable

human mistakes. An international corporation must fully

understand the foreign environment before pursuing

business matters. Problems constantly crop up and many

times have unexpected results. Sometimes these

unexpected results are unavoidable. Other times they are

avoidable. To be sure those avoidable situations do not

occur, international marketing managers must be aware of

cultural differences.

Cultural differences take place among most nations of the

world. Differences in culture are one of the most significant

factors in an international company. All nationalities posses

unique characteristics, which are unknown to many

foreigners. Many of the top international businesses are

unaware of these cultural differences. It is very important to

understand these cultures in order to market a product

successfully. As an example, different nationalities have

different beliefs on how business matters should take place.

Where some countries prefer to work with a deadline other

countries can take this as being offensive. Many countries

feel it is an insult to be asked to work under a set time

period. A country may feel that a deadline is threatening

and may feel backed into a corner. On the other hand,

other countries try to expedite matters by setting deadlines.

To be effective in a foreign market it is necessary to

understand the local customs. Knowing what to do in a

foreign country is as important as knowing what not to do.

Failure to understand local customs can lead to serious

misunderstandings between business people. The simple

rejection of a cup of coffee can lead to total confusion. The

decline of an invite is sometimes considered an affront. To

avoid making blunders, a person must be able to discern

the difference between what is acceptable behavior and

what is not acceptable behavior. Violations of a local

custom can be insulting, and can cause uncomfortable

situations. To be a successful manager of international

marketing, one must be able to discern the differences as to

what must and must not be done. It is almost impossible to

attain complete knowledge and understanding of a foreign

culture.

As established, culture plays an important role in the drama

of international marketing. Of all the cultural aspects,

communication may be the most critical. It is certain that

communication has been involved in a number of cultural

confusion. Good communication linkages must be set

between a company and its customers, suppliers, its

employees, and the governments of the countries where it

performs business activities. Poor communication can

obviously cause various difficulties. One source of difficulty

among starting companies is that of effective

communication with potential buyers. The problem is that

there are many possible communication barriers.

Sometimes messages can be translated incorrectly,

regulations overlooked, and economic differences can be

ignored. Other times when the message does arrive, its

ineffectiveness can cause it to be of no value. Every now

and then a buyer will receive the message, but to the

companies disappointment, the message was sent incorrect.

It is normal in multinational businesses to send and receive

messages on a regular basis. Many well-known people

have incapacitated public speech introductions by using

inaccurate titles and names. Not all communication

problems are verbal. Some serious problems have

occurred as a result of non-verbal communication.

Non-verbal communication exist in numerous forms.

Sometimes a person's appearance can convey a stronger

message than intended. Untidy attire, for example, can be

more offensive in some nations than in others. The local

people often are willing to overlook most of the mistakes

made by tourist. On the other hand, locals are less tolerant

of the errors of business people. It is very important to be

able to interpret the different means of communication in

international marketing.

In America, we sometimes take for granted the display of

products on the market. However, in other nations such

product array and selection do not always exist. It is

important to understand that even if local customers can

afford a certain product, they may not always want it. If by

chance are interested, it may be only if it is substantially

modified to fit their local preferences and taste. These

adaptations exist in the form of product and package. The

alteration of a material product is sometimes required to

match the product to local taste and conditions. Adaptation

of the package is often needed to attract customers to the

product. Many times adaptation is also used to maintain a

product's righteousness in a unique environment. A firm is

occasionally forced to modify both the product and the

package to create an appropriate product for the new

market. Some products may require more technical

modification than others may. Measurement systems vary

between countries, and often components need to be

adjusted to cleave to local standards. The need for product

adaptation has existed for many years. In 1857 England's

East India Company possibly lost control of India because

it failed to modify a product it provided. A product may be

well acceptable in markets, but may not sell if housed in an

inappropriate package. Packages promote the product and

they protect it. International packaging must be able to

withstand the journey. Some countries have exported their

products only to witness the return of crushed and

half-empty containers. Packaging can sometimes bring

embarrassment to a company. Medical containers made in

the U.S. drew unwanted attention because they carried the

instructions Take off top and push in bottom. These

messages was harmless here in America, but were sexual

and humorous connotations to the British. Often the choice

of package and product is difficult. Sometimes companies

have failed to sell their products overseas because of the

packaging of a product. Each firm must determine the area

most appropriate for its product. Determining the region

where it is most appropriate to market a product is not an

easy task. Wherever the location of these places, they must

be found because market testing is essential in international

marketing.

Many countries maintain regulations concerning their

products and packages. Countries have expectations that

foreign marketers will adhere to the rules. Failure to abide

by the rules of a country can prove to be very costly. The

legal and political atmosphere varies across national

borders. Different countries have different legal policies.

There are laws to which a marketer must abide by when

marketing internationally. Some countries enact laws to

protect consumers or to preserve a competitive

atmosphere in the marketplace. Since many countries

maintain regulations concerning their products and

packages, the wording or color of a package can create

difficulties. In some countries giving gifts to authorities is a

standard business procedure. In other countries, such as

the United States, these gifts would be considered as

bribes or payoffs and are strictly illegal. If an error occurs it

can be costly, but with the appropriate alterations it can be

corrected. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT) reforms imposes on national governments the

obligation to sacrifice local and state laws that protect

customers, and the environment. Plans were developed in

the mid-180s to broaden GATT's mandate by extending

its police powers to the areas of foreign investment and

trade in services. If such reforms are enacted, GATT will

have the authority to remove barriers to foreign investment

and to override or knock out local laws for protecting a

nation's insurance, brokerage, an banking businesses.

Removing local laws can definitely make the international

work place easier, when it comes to the legal aspect.

In the field of marketing, a product promotion can be the

most difficult. Timing is the most critical element in the

launching of a new product. Most firms understand this and

also perceive that varied peoples hold different conceptions

of time. Since some nationalities are more conscious of time

factors than others, extra time must often be allocated to

guarantee that everything is completed as schedule. An

international marketer can adopt several strategies

regarding its product and promotion. Marketing a product

internationally through a single promotional message

worldwide can be effective for products that have

standardized appeal for the majority of the people. Most

times this could be the least expensive strategy. When it is

hard to translate promotional messages or to adapt an

overall promotion to local customs, companies market one

product. This promotion is designed to market one product

but vary its promotions. Some products are well known

among the nation and need little advertising. The

advertisement can be on American influence located in

China. If a theme works exceedingly well in one country,

then it naturally becomes very tempting for a firm to want to

use it in another country. There is a big risk involved in

doing this, because admirable themes are culturally

oriented. For example, consider the very popular Marlboro

advertisements. The Marlboro man projects a strong

masculine image in America and in Europe. In Hong Kong,

attempts to use this advertisement were unsuccessful

because the urban people did not identify with horseback

riding in the countryside. Several firms have tried to use

old, reliable promotional methods in countries where they

simply do not work. Billboard advertisements, for example,

are perfectly legal in most parts of the Middle East, but it

does not mean one should use them. In some cases

companies have been know to advertise in the wrong

language. Such mistakes can cause major problems.

It is often the promotional strategy that creates mistakes.

The perception of the product characteristics plays an

important role in the international marketing strategy. One

must realize that the importance's of a certain product traits

vary from country to country. Multinational corporations,

therefore, must consider varying promotional tactics.

Adapting the product but using the same promotional mix is

a strategy used when a product will not appeal to different

local tastes. For example an American cheese company

may need to use different ingredients when making cream

cheese for the markets of different countries. The most

expensive strategy is adapting to both the product and its

promotion. This strategy may be required when neither the

existing product nor its promotion would appeal to foreign

markets. In some cases, the international firm may develop

a completely new product for a foreign market. It can be

very costly to create a new product line for a foreign

market. The distribution strategy used sometimes depends

on the firm's international organization. It does not matter if

it is licensing, exporting, or manufacturing in the host

country. International marketers use existing distribution

channels for the most part. Distribution channels link the

producer of a product to the consumer or industrial user.

This international marketing channel is sequence of

marketing organizations from nation to nation that directs

the flow of products. Most industrial products use shorter

channels.

One of the most basic levels of international marketing is

licensing. A license is a contractual agreement in which one

firm permits another to produce and market its product and

use its brand name in return for a royalty or other

compensation. This grant may be in the form of a direct

sale of rights or be limited to a certain period of time.

International licensing can be tied to joint ventures between

the parent and the subsidiary. For example, an American

candy manufacturer might enter into a licensing arrangement

with a British firm. The British producer would be entitled

to use the American firm's candy formula, and packaging

to advertise the candy as though it were its own. The

advantage of licensing is that it provides a simple method of

expanding into a foreign market with no investment.

However, if the licensee does not maintain the licensor's

product standards, the product's image may be damaged.

Another disadvantage is that a licensing arrangement does

not usually provide the original producer with any foreign

marketing experience. Technology licensing is a

conceivable alternative to the exportation of finished

products through intermediaries or to the different types of

capital involvement, which could be chosen as an

international strategy. Many companies use intercompany

licenses to protect the intellectual property of the parent

company that is held by the subsidiary, and to allow for

payments by the subsidiary to the parent of certain license

fees. Licensing is also dependent upon product

characteristics. Products subject to rapid technological

change are also good licensing candidates. For most large

companies licensing is designed as a means to enter

secondary markets. The potential licensor must look at

legal and financial considerations. Many times the decision

to license has been made since the company has no other

alternative because the government restricts direct

investment through controls on foreign ownership or

because it restricts the development of marketing network

by a number of tariff barriers. Licensing allows the licensor

to enter into foreign markets with a low financial risk. The

decision to license is a complex one. Many licensing

relationships do not succeed because the parties fail to

understand each other's agenda.

The creation of joint ventures sometimes prevents all the

problems encountered by a company when going overseas

from occurring. With the combined expertise and efforts of

local and foreign firms, many problems will be eliminated.

A joint venture is a partnership that is formed to achieve a

specific goal or to operate for a specific period of time.

International corporations may enter into joint ventures.

Most joint ventures were formed to share the extremely

high cost of exploring for offshore products. A company

should create a joint venture only after giving it some

consideration. Many problems occur when company's fail

to thoroughly investigate potential partners. Licensing

decisions are as difficult to analyze as those decisions

involving the creation of a joint venture. Failure to make the

correct decisions at the right time can result in the loss of

substantial long-range business prospects and profits.

A firm can also manufacture its products in its home

country and export them for sale in foreign markets. Like

licensing, exporting can be a relatively low-risk method of

entering foreign markets. Unlike licensing, it is not an easy

task. Exporting opens up several levels of involvement to

the exporting firm. On the basic level, the exporting firm

may sill its products to an export/import merchant. This

merchant assumes all the risks of product ownership,

distribution, and sale. It may purchase the good's in the

producer's home country and assume responsibility for

exporting the product. The exporting firm may also ship its

products to an export/import agent. The export/import

agent arranges the sale of the products of foreign

intermediaries for a commission or fee. The agent is an

independent firm that sells and may perform other

marketing functions for the exporter. The exporter retains

title to the products during shipment and until they are sold.

An exporting firm may also establish its own sales offices in

foreign countries. These installations are international

extensions of the firm's distribution system. The exporting

firm maintains control over sales, and it gains both

experience and knowledge of foreign markets. Eventually,

the firm may develop its own sales force to operate in

conjunction with foreign sales offices or branches.

Pricing is a very important factor in international business.

The pricing system more common in international marketing

is cost-based pricing. Cost-based pricing is not as popular

in domestic marketing as it is in international marketing.

Using this simple method of pricing, the seller first

determines the total cost of producing or purchasing one

unit of the product. The seller then adds the amount to

cover additional cost and profit. The cost added is called

the markup. The total cost of the markup is the selling price

of the product. Many smaller firms calculate the markup as

a percentage of their total cost. Markup pricing is easy to

apply, and it is used by most businesses. However, it has

two major flaws. The first is the difficulty of determining an

effective markup percentage. If this percentages too costly,

the product may be overpriced for its market. On the other

hand, if the markup percentage is too low, the seller is

giving away profit that could have earned simply by

assigning a higher price. In other words, the markup

percentage needs to be set to account for the working of

the market, and that is very difficult to do. The second

problem with markup pricing is that it separates pricing

from other business functions. The product is priced after

production quantities are decided upon, after cost are

incurred, and almost without regard for the market or the

marketing mix. To be effective, the various business

functions should be integrated.

The different types of pricing can vary in international

marketing. Geographic pricing strategies deal with delivery

cost. The seller may assume all delivery cost, no matter

where the buyer is located. The seller may share

transportation cost with the buyer to pay the greatest part

of delivery cost. When a foreign product enters a country,

there is a tax added to the cost. Import duties are designed

to protect specific domestic industries by raising the prices

of competing imported products. The importer first pays

most of the import duties. After the importer pays the price

it is then passed on to the customers through higher prices.

These higher prices are usually less competitive. The cost

of shipping and complying with other various regulations

can also add to the pricing method. Prices are also effected

by exchange rates, especially by changes in these rates.

Financial limitations are normally imposed through

exchange rates. It is required to convert local currency to

foreign currency at government-imposed exchange rates.

Because of the added cost and uncertainties in the

exchange rate, prices tend to be higher in foreign markets

than in domestic markets.

An important economic consideration is the distribution of

income. The distribution of income, especially discretionary

income, can widely vary from nation to nation.

Discretionary income is of particular interest to marketers

because consumers have more input in the spending of it.

Income creates purchasing power. International marketers

tend to concentrate on higher income countries as either

personal, disposable, or discretionary. For obvious

reasons, marketers tend to concentrate on higher income

countries. Some producers have found that their products

are more likely to sell in countries with low income. As in

domestic marketing, the determining factor is how well the

product satisfies its target market.

International marketing encompasses all business activities

that involve exchanges across national boundaries. A firm

may enter the international market for many reasons.

Whatever the reason international marketing can provide

and efficient way of entering the market. A firm's marketing

program must be adapted to foreign markets to account for

differences in the business environment and target markets

form nation to nation. The marketing mix may require the

modification of cultural, social, economic, and legal

differences. Foreign marketing requires the understanding

of various additional costs, which tend to increase the

prices of exported goods. The marketing program of an

international company must adapt to the necessities of a

foreign market. The strategies it uses to accomplish a firm's

marketing goal should be the main priority of the marketing

program. False assumptions frequently cause expensive

mistakes in the market. The importance of international

marketing

Copyright 1 - 00 OPPapers.com

Please note that this sample paper on Marketing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Marketing, we are here to assist you. Your custom college paper on Marketing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Georgia O'Keeffe

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Georgia O'Keeffe. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Georgia O'Keeffe paper right on time.

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Georgia O'Keeffe

Georgia O'Keeffe was born in the late 1800's in Wisconsin. At an early age she new she was going to be an artist. In an interview, I think she said at the age of twelve she knew that that was what she wanted to be. Even at this early age, she was very independent.

In the biography we saw in class Mrs. O'Keeffe seem to be a simple woman who loved to paint. Her paintings came form her heart. At one point in the interview, she said "I see shapes in my head and I want to paint them." She was fascinated with all kinds of shapes. She had a gift for what ever she painted. Her paintings of the city were uniquely different from all other artist. In fact all of her paintings had a distinction like no others.

Georgia OKeeffe was born in a town called Sun Prairie. I am sure there many reasons why she liked the deserts of New Mexico, but one of the reasons may have been that it reminded her of home. In 105, she attended the Art Institute of Chicago and about a year later, she went to study art in New York. Her work was well received, but she did not fine traditional art fulfilling. At one point, she gave up art. During the summer of 115, OKeeffe took classes at the Teachers College of Columbia University in South Carolina, and there she began to paint again. In South Carolina Arthur Dow, a specialist in Oriental Art helped Miss. OKeeffe move away from the type of art she had found so unappealing. She said of him, It was Arthur Dow who affected my start, who helped me to find something of my own. Soon after that Alfred Stieglitz, a photographer from New York saw some charcoal drawings of Miss. O'Keeffe's and convinced her to come back there and work on her art. A few years later she married Mr. Stieglitz and lived in New York for almost thirty years.

Order custom research paper on Georgia O'KeeffeIn 1, OKeeffe took a vacation to New Mexico. The trip would change her life forever. She fell in love with the open skies and sun-drenched landscape. OKeeffe returned there every summer to travel and to paint. When her husband died in 146 she moved to New Mexico. She painted shapes from the desert with the same richness used to paint city skylines and flowers from an early time in her currier.

Georgia OKeeffe created a distinctive cataloged of paintings that included startling details of plant forms, bleached bones, and landscapes of the New Mexico desert, all with clarity like no other.

I think part of her intrigue with New Mexico was its natural beauty. I also believe that it may have represented that independence she had shown from her youth. The freedom it gave her. To see nature as it really was. She had come full circle, from the prairie, to the city and back to the prairie again.

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