Benefit of learning a second language

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Learning a second language can be very expensive and inflexible. However, the increasingly diverse society and cultural has influenced on individuals to become multilingual. Also, economic and politic concerns play a major role in the people view of the value of learning a second language. In addition, during the past two years, I have studied English as my second language and I found that it gives me many benefits in term of gaining my self-confidence to be in a society or better communicate to reach across languages and cultures. The following paragraphs explain some benefits of learning second language.

First of all, personal benefits. An obvious advantage of knowing more than one language is you can communicate to more people. Individuals who speak and read more than one language certainly have the ability to be in touch with more people, literature, and benefit fully from travel to other countries. As an English student, I believe I understand and appreciate more for the Australian customs than many others and I also gains more respect from other people. Ultimately, knowing English also give me a competitive advantage in term of job opportunities.

The following benefit of learning a second language is society benefits. Bilingualism and Multilingualism have many benefits to society. For example, Thai people who are fluent in more than one language can work to promote Thai culture, customs and places for the oversea visitors to visit Thailand. They also can be airline employees, second language teachers as a result of greater understanding of other language and culture.

Finally, another benefit of learning a second language is citizenship benefits. Whereas many people find it very hard to adapt to varying culture contexts, students who study second language adapt better to the changes in culture and environment because they have learn more of other cultures. Multilingualism also displays greater cultural sensitivity.

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In summary, study second language gives many benefits to students in term of personal communicative abilities, culture awareness, and job opportunities. Society also benefit from this economically and socially. Thus, parents and students should take full advantage of the available opportunities and resources of second language learning for the benefit of their children in the 1st century.

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Appalachian man

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The Appalachian American

There is a culture and way of life very apart from mainstream America tucked away into the slopes and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. This is a culture steeped in tradition and history since the revolutionary war, a culture which has retained its traditions despite repeated efforts from outsiders to either exploit it or to make it a more mainstream, in the foreigner's mind more civilized, culture. It is something of an anomaly how this region has been able to hold on to so much of its lifestyle in the face of such radical economic changes around it. Therefore it is a culture still based upon hunting and fishing, extended families, living by oneself and for oneself, and a general do-it-yourself attitude.

My personal interest in this culture goes very deep. I have long loved the mountains in addition to a personal affinity towards bluegrass music, so interest in Appalachian culture was only a matter of time for me. I have read much of Appalachian literature, having taken part in the Appalachian literature course at Georgetown University under Professor Patricia O'Connor. I have spent a couple of weekends camping in the Appalachians, once in the Shenandoah Mountains of Virginia and once at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. Yet the brunt of my analytical research comes from a week I spent in Cherry Grove, West Virginia as part of a Habitat for Humanity service project. During that week I had the privilege to meet and work with many native Appalachians, to attend their masses, to eat meals with them, and in general to live amongst them.

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In doing my research for this project, I was continually reminded of the essay "The Price of Progress" by John H. Bodley in the Applying Cultural Anthropology reader. In that he states, "tribal peoples have not chosen progress to enjoy its advantages, but … governments have pushed progress upon them to obtain tribal resources (Podolefsky )." The Appalachian people have never before been referred to as a tribe, yet if we define that term as an autonomous group of people who sustain themselves amongst themselves within a larger organization of people, then the Appalachians of yore could very well be referred to as such. That granted, Bodley's quote describes perfectly the intervention of big businesses upon Appalachia and its resources in the first half of the 1th century (Dunaway 65). Bodley also states that the imposed 'change and improvement' of governments for peoples or tribes who are not in need of that particular kind of 'change and improvement' more often than not results in "poverty, longer working hours, and much greater physical exertion (Podolefsky )." This sounds very reminiscent to me of the move of so many Appalachian men from their family farms to the coalmines and timber fields of the entrepreneurs at the enticement of far greater wages yet on the bosses' own working conditions. The big businesses continued to exploit and deplete the region's natural resources, including manpower, in effect "forcing tribal people into participating in the world-market economy; thus leading to further resource depletion (8)." Some Appalachians were able to effectively amalgamate themselves and benefit from these economic changes, yet for the majority the situation only deteriorated as "they discover that they are powerless, second-class citizens who are discriminated against and exploited by the dominant society ()." This is exemplified in the many depictions in popular American media of Appalachians as stupid, rusticated, backwards, incestuous, 'slack-jawed', or so many other epithets. Yet I will come back to all of this later. For now I will describe the general characteristics of the Appalachian people as I saw them.

As I mentioned above, despite repeated attempts by outsiders to 'civilize' this culture, Appalachians retain their traditions as adamantly today as during the 1700s. Houses are still spread considerably apart from each other, barring the Habitat-related (outsider-influenced) community at which I worked, located along dirt roads right on the hillsides or deep in the valleys and in many cases set very far away from any sort of convenience store or supermarket. Therefore subsistence living is still a much-employed practice. One of the most striking characteristics of this culture is that hunting and fishing are still such integral parts of the Appalachian lifestyle. In fact, it seemed to me that every grown man owned at least one set of camouflage and one shotgun. There were never less than five men at a time at any local fishing spot. Men walking around town during business hours dressed completely in camouflage is a very common sight, to the extent that it made me realize that many of these men must employ themselves merely on the task of bringing home food at the end of every day. On one occasion a local under whom I was working expressed the utmost incredulity at the fact that I did not own even one gun. He told me that one of the biggest days in a young boy's life was the day when his father would give him his first shotgun. The fact that I had not experienced that day appalled my friend.

One might notice that in all this talk of hunting and fishing, I did not once mention women. In fact I never once noticed a woman walking around in camouflage. Hence specific gender roles are still very much in place here. Women for a great part have their jobs yet still keep care of the house and small children, a situation which at one point following WWII was forced to change because of outside influences, but we'll come back to that later. Berry picking is still a very common practice, as is subsistence farming. All of this is indicative of the food eaten in a common household; namely, salted pork and other meats, fish, corn, beans, potatoes, berry pies, in general less processed foods. In fact, I do not remember seeing a single McDonald's, Wendy's, or Burger King in all of West Virginia, staples of the mainstream American's diet. This reminds me of the situation described by Maris Boyd Gillette in her book "Between Mecca and Beijing" between the diets of the Hui and Han populations in the Chinese city of Xi'an. These two populations live in such close proximity, yet have a vastly different diet due chiefly to the Hui's strict adherence to the traditions of its religion, Islam, and conversely due to the Han's desire to modernize in every respect, including diet. This in a way parallels mainstream America's striving for modernization and convenience in every aspect including diet, the best example of which is fast food, as opposed to Appalachia's striving to retain the self-sustaining lifestyle to which it has traditionally adhered.

This is not to say though that people of the Appalachian region are so tied to tradition that they do not partake of any of the amenities of modern-day American society. There are centers of commerce resplendent with a supermarket, gas stations, a couple convenience stores, and perhaps a regional fast food place, one in particular I remember was called Mean Gene's. Yet these centers of commerce are located in some instances a good half-hour to an hour from some of the smaller towns, separated by unlit windy roads which no one should have to drive at night. The supermarkets are there for one's use, yet they are never as crowded as they would be in cities or suburbs. There is simply less importance in this culture on material luxury goods and more importance on useful family heirlooms, such as guns, clothing, baskets and the like. There is a vastly different attitude towards nature in this region as well. Whereas in the city nature is built upon and used to the advantage of man, it is still for the most part intact in West Virginia. Nature is still used to the advantage of man here, but on a much more individual basis and with more attention placed on the integrity of nature itself. My work supervisor in West Virginia told me once that he, lacking a sufficient water heater and in keeping with the do-it-yourself attitude of subsistence living, built a water heater for his house that was fueled by burning wood. He said though that because it used up so much wood, he filled it up as sparingly as possible and never at night. In the same respect, in the process of our building of a nature trail through the woods, we needed to chop down some trees in order to build a bridge, but not a tree too much was cut down and what scraps remained he brought home for his furnace; in addition he encouraged us, untrained in such things, to learn for ourselves how to use a chainsaw to help him cut down these trees.

Another of this culture's characteristics which jumps out at the outsider is the closeness of extended family. Families in some cases live most of their lives just towns away from parents, cousins, uncles, aunts, etc. There does not seem to be as much upward social mobility in this culture as mainstream America, yet people seem content with that. In many cases Appalachian people know who they are and what they do, and that fulfills them exponentially. Kin generally seem to help out kin in this society, as opposed to the commonly held view of the prevalence of family rivalries, e.g. the Hatfields and the McCoys (Weller 5). This misconception may very well have been propagated by the effects of the civil war, which pitted brother against brother and did much to harm familial Appalachian traditions. Unfortunately the precedence of domestic abuse and alcoholism in this culture, as evidenced by so many counties in West Virginia being 'dry' (unable to sell liquor), sheds light on the darker side of this situation.

A last defining characteristic of this culture is its emphasis on storytelling, in song but even more in common speech. Every time a new Appalachian were to come across our group of twelve, his/her introduction would consist of at least one short story, sometimes even five or six. It was a way of breaking the ice and producing a greater level of comfortability between them and us, yet what was most impressive was the fact that stories were never asked for in return. The same held at a local mass, at which the pastor gave mass in a very informal, storytelling style. This is evident in the folk songs of the Appalachian region as well. Although I did not encounter local music to a great extent in my week in West Virginia, the importance of music to this people has been well documented (Haddix ). These folk songs consist of two types, either gospel or storytelling; and the storytelling ones always seem to be of a rather depressing character, having been derived from the English ballads of old and having been birthed in a land riddled with struggle (). One example is Barb'ra Ellen

Then slowly, slowly she got up, And slowly came she nigh him,

But all she said when she got there, "Young man, I think you're dyin'."

"I know I'm sick, and very sick, And death is on me dwellin';

And none the better will I ever be, 'Til I have Barb'ra Ellen."

"I know you're sick, and very sick, And death is on you dwellin';

No better will you ever be, You'll not have Barb'ra Ellen."

And she went wandering o'er the fields; She heard the death bell knellin'.

And ev'ry chime did seem to say, "For shame to Barb'ra Ellen." (Haddix 5-60)

Yet this emphasis on storytelling does not come as too much of a surprise considering the isolation of this culture from the habits of mainstream America until the late introduction of TV and radio which was only beginning to catch in the mid-160s (Weller 15).

One of the common misconceptions of the Appalachian people is that they have a strong animosity and distrust towards outsiders. This is a misconception well supported in Jack E. Weller's ethnography, "Yesterday's People Life in Contemporary Appalachia," published in 165. Yet in my experience, I encountered no such animosity from any with whom I came into contact. Granted some things may have changed since Weller's book and granted there is the possibility that I dealt primarily with people used to dealing with outsiders, yet even at a luncheon which I attended at the local church, I was in the company of mostly senior citizens whom I had never met before, and I still encountered nothing but good-will and benevolence. In this way I find Jack Weller's book to draw many similarities to Ruth Benedict's "Chrysanthemum and the Sword." They are both in my opinion valuable sources of many insightful views, yet they are both obviously written by people who are not a part of the society of their subject matter. Therefore they both imbue a level of the biases inherent in their own host cultures and serve even to promote these biases to an extent. It is my opinion that animosity towards outsiders within modern Appalachian society no longer exists to nearly the extent that the media, e.g. Deliverance, will make it out to.

This is not the only misconception propagated by mainstream American media though. So many other stereotypes of this culture exist lack of intelligence, backwardness, alcoholism, distrust, incestuousness. However all of those with whom I had contact spoke in their own sort of Appalachian drawl, yet exhibited no lack of intelligence whatsoever and just seemed extremely comfortable in their own skin. These kinds of stereotypes have been propagated for centuries, because mainstream America has striven to exploit or change this culture rather than to understand it; and at the same time Appalachians throughout their history have seemed comfortable enough with themselves not to need to be understood by others.

The first colonists to the Appalachian region were mostly Germans, Scotch, Irish, Huguenots, and Quakers. Most were seeking seclusion from some sort of oppression, religious in the case of the Huguenots and the Quakers, escape from indentured servitude in some other cases, or simply escape from the slaveholding class descended from British predecessors (Inscoe 1). From the start, people of this region wanted merely to be left to themselves and their own farms, so they chose a region enclosed by mountains and not very fertile. In no short time these colonists established a culture quite distinct from the budding urban centers of post-revolutionary America.

One of the first intrusions into this set of circumstances was the civil war, which demanded that many young men be pulled away from their farms to fight and die for their country. The civil war forced Appalachia into the politics of the country for many Appalachian homes were even in the middle of battlefields. This war also split the Appalachian region with respect to whether one was for or against this war against the South. The closeness of Appalachian families, something which was necessary in such rugged terrain, was threatened as one brother in some cases was forced to pick a side contrary to that which his other brother picked. In the end West Virginia even ended up seceding from its brotherland, Virginia, because of this war (Inscoe 1). It is my opinion that this could even be the origin of the misconception of Appalachians as participating widely in family feuds and the like.

The so-called "discovery" of Appalachia began with a gold rush into Georgia in the 180s and 180s (Inscoe 4). This was soon followed by speculators searching for resources of timber and coal, of which they found plenty (Dunaway 5). Then in came the big business entrepreneurs to buy up land rich in resources from Appalachian farmers who really did not even know how much their land was truly worth (Kahn 5). These big businesses not only exploited the land's natural resources but also the wealth of workers. They lured Appalachian men off of their farms and into company towns, and at the enticement of big wages and material goods for their families these Appalachians were caught hook, line, and sinker. They were put to work in coal mines, salt mines and furnaces, and timber jambs in Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, but in many cases to receive this work they had to move their families from their farms and into company built towns, where the boss' word sticks (Kahn 6). Men had to work long arduous hours, risk life and limb, and subject themselves to the whims of the bosses. In these towns, the high wages proved not as fortuitous as they had seemed. Mines were not open for work every day, workers had to buy their own equipment as well as pay other inane fees to the company, not to mention that they were paid merely in scrip, which was only good in the company store itself, so it was up to the company to set prices however high they wanted for workers could not go anywhere else to buy goods anyway (Kahn 6-7). In general, quality of life deteriorated exponentially for the Appalachians at this time. No wonder distrust of outsiders has been a characteristic oft used to describe Appalachians.

The Appalachian workforce to the south was not overlooked either as textile factories and cotton mills moved into Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. Here the same practices of long, grueling work hours, pitiful working conditions, scrip, and endangerment of employees were also used (Kahn 6). Women were to work in these factories as well along with children when necessity demanded it from Appalachian families (6). All of this led to much effort on the part of the Appalachians to organize themselves into unions with the help of the United Mine Workers of America but in the face of big business' efforts to keep them on the low end of the totem pole. Many bloody battles were fought in this war.

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Random

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COMPARING THE FARTHING HOUSE TO THE RED ROOM

In this essay I am going to be comparing two ghost stories called "The Farthing House" and "The Red Room. My definition of a ghost story is a story filled with tension and suspense.

I will start by looking at the settings from both stories. The farthing house is set in a residential home for elderly people, in the countryside. The red room is set in an old castle where a duchess died 100 years earlier. Both of these settings are good settings for a tense ghost story but the castle is a more stereo-typical setting.

I will now look at the characters in each of the stories. In the red room the main character is the narrator. It uses first person narration which creates tension on its own, as we are seeing everything through his eyes. We don't know what's happening either and we follow everything that happens to him. Also the arrogance of the man builds tension, as it sets you up to think something bad is going to happen to him. You also see his fear slowly build up. The old people also create tension and unease immediately. Their warnings about the room create tension and put the idea into your head that the room is definitely haunted. "It is your own choosing," said the man with the withered arm. //////////////// This quote is used several times to emphasize that what he's doing is nothing to do with them. The hideous appearance of some of the characters also creates unease. In the farthing house the narrator is again the main character. The story is told again in first person perspective. Another character is Mrs. Pearson. "She was younger than I had expected, probably in her late forties." She appears to be very nice but this makes you feel that something just isn't right. Aunt Addy is another character who seems to be very nice. "I sat bolt upright. The previous night I had the sensation of someone having just been in my room." This shows that she is starting to show signs of fear in the room." The main similarity between the two stories about characters is that in both, the main character is the narrator and you see everything from a first person perspective.

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I will now go on to talk about the structure in both stories. In the red room the initial setting and expectation is set up very early on with the old peoples warnings and the setting itself. After that though things start to slow down. The tension starts to slowly build up, with the slow and gradual loss of light inside the room, and the continuous references to past incidents inside the red room. This story is written in the past tense but the detailed description in precise detail of every moment cant help but make you think your there, going through the ordeal with him. In the conclusion you find out that there is no ghost in the red room. Its simply fear. This makes you think about how powerful fear can be, and what it can do to your mind. In the farthing house the tension is much more up and down, unlike the continuous rise in the red room. "I'd seen a jay and two deer, and once, like magic, a kingfisher." This is not tense at all but on the very same page you get this, "as I turned right and the road narrowed to a single track, between trees, I began to feel nervous, anxious, I prayed that it would be all right." This suddenly creates a lot of tension in the story. But then, as soon as she arrives, things start to relax again, with the home being as nice as Aunt Addy has said, and Mrs. Pearson being very polite and nice. The setting is firstly described to be very nice but the narrator can feel something sinister, "as I stood on the black and white marbled floor of the entrance porch I felt something else and it made me hesitate before ringing the bell." This creates a lot of tension as it makes you feel that something must be up. Even when the ghosts visit they are inter-cut by jovial events which remove the tension. "That feeling of unease and melancholy passed over me like a shadow again. Now buck up, don't look wan, there isn't time." In the conclusion………….*. The structure of these stories is very different, the main difference being that in the red room there is a steady rise in tension, but in the farthing house the tension goes up and down like a yo-yo.

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School Violence

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The vast majority of schools in the United States are safe places, and in recent years they have become even safer. Safe schools are essential to our ability to learn and develop healthy lifestyles and friendships. The overall rates of violence has fallen (A statistic of the National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center), and most students don't feel any less safe in schools as they have in previous years. In fact, students are much less likely to come to harm at school than away from school where adult supervision is not mandatory or deemed nessesary. However, some schools do have serious crime and violence problems, and many students, teachers, and parents continue to have grave concerns about safety in schools. To address these concerns, Lower Merion and other schools need to initiate talking between parents, teacher and students.

The only way to help solve violent acts occurring in our school is to find out three things, first, if there are violent acts going on, second, if so then to what extreme and finally initiate a way to stop them. There is no doubt in my mind that violent actions occur in Lower Merion but most likely other people aren't aware of it. I believe that time should be taken to educate the students about the real dangers of school violence. If once a month homerooms would come together at the end of the day and just talk. I have no doubt in my mind that talking solves problems. I would want my role to equal with everyone else's. I believe that as soon as you give one student the power, they end up talking the whole time. This time is meant for people to talk but even more to listen. I think videos, speakers and interactive role playing would make these experiences greater. All the students at Lower Merion are diverse and come from different backgrounds and Lower Merion doesn't have the power to control their thoughts and ideas on violence; all that the school can do is try to educate them. By all the means necessary, I would help start this seminar. All in all, if people understand the serious reality of school violence, then the chances of a violent act occurring will decrees.

While the media has focused on school shootings, school violence includes a range of activities but the NYVPRC says that schools have become safer. The data about these types of violence present a mixed picture of school safety. The only way to cut away the mixed picture and bring Lower Merion to a level of safety is by talking and listening to students that sit in it's classrooms and walk down it's halls.

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Garbage

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After watching the show on garbage, it made me realize how important garbage really is. Before I had seen that show I didn't realize all the things that do, or could come from garbage, and how much the choices of what to do with our garbage will affect our environment, and our future. Recycling is so easy it doesn't make sense that we don't have 100% recycling, or at least very close to it. People should recycle more, they may not want to recycle now, but if they saw what the earth could look like in the future if we didn't, I'm sure it would change any sane person's mind. I think what they r doing in Japan, or China, or wherever is a really good idea. By sorting the different items then recycling them making the environment cleaner is obviously a positive step. I think that the U.S. should start doing the same with our recyclable items. I think that if everybody knew the consequences of polluting the environment they would recycle more, and buy more recyclable items like enviro-packs and other things. A lot of older people aren't as educated about pollution, and what it has to do with the environment, but if younger kids learn about it now, then it is more likely that they will pass the habit on to their kids, and it will be passed down from generation, which will improve the state of our earth.

After watching the show on garbage, it made me realize how important garbage really is. Before I had seen that show I didn't realize all the things that do, or could come from garbage, and how much the choices of what to do with our garbage will affect our environment, and our future. Recycling is so easy it doesn't make sense that we don't have 100% recycling, or at least very close to it. People should recycle more, they may not want to recycle now, but if they saw what the earth could look like in the future if we didn't, I'm sure it would change any sane person's mind. I think what they r doing in Japan, or China, or wherever is a really good idea. By sorting the different items then recycling them making the environment cleaner is obviously a positive step. I think that the U.S. should start doing the same with our recyclable items. I think that if everybody knew the consequences of polluting the environment they would recycle more, and buy more recyclable items like enviro-packs and other things. A lot of older people aren't as educated about pollution, and what it has to do with the environment, but if younger kids learn about it now, then it is more likely that they will pass the habit on to their kids, and it will be passed down from generation, which will improve the state of our earth.

Please note that this sample paper on Garbage is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Garbage, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Garbage will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Louis XIV and Versailles

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Versailles and Louis XIV define the history of France and Europe for the 18th century in many different ways. Versailles set the ways people thought style should be when it was first constructed. Louis XIV set the ways people thought and lived. People thought his way was best and his ways lasted through the 18th century.

Louis XIV built his palace in Versailles, southwest of Paris. The palace was very large and had many different places and rooms. The Old

Chateau was built back in 16 by Louis XIII - Father of Louis XIV. The Chateau consisted of many rooms including the Grand Apartment, which led to other rooms each dedicated to a heavenly body (Venus, Diana, Mars, Mercury, and Apollo), the Hall of Mirrors, the Queen's Suite, the Queen's Bedchamber, the King's Suite, the King's Bedchamber, the Private Apartments, the King and Queen's Cabinets, the Chapel Royal, and the Opera House. The Grand Trianon had places for everyone. There was the Trianon for the family where the king could remain close to his family. The Porcelain Trianon was built in 1670 in the garden. The Marble Trianon replaced the Porcelain Trianon in 1687. The Grand Trianon was completed in 1768.

The Queen's Hamlet is a little village that was built in 178. It was built in the rustic half-timbering seen on farms in Normandy, but the interiors were endowed with the latest technical and decorative refinements. The Queen's House was located on the finest part of the 'big lake'.

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The Gardens and Groves were very beautiful. Fountains and sculptures are dispersed throughout the gardens. Every turn in a pathway presents new fountains, new statues, and trees pruned into unusual shapes. The grounds were laid out geometrically. Closer to the chateau were flowerbeds. Ornamental pools were used to separate the flowerbeds. When walking along a path, the existence of these marvels remains totally unsuspected. Keeps the grounds up was a very important thing. It always has been. Sculptures, fountains, and sculpted trees became even more popular during the 18th century.

The Palace consisted of many painting, sculptures, furniture, and dcor. Paintings consisted of Christ at Supper with Simon located in the Hercules Salon, The Holy Ghost Descending on the Apostles located in the Chapel, Louis XIV located in the Apollo Salon, and Louis XIV visiting the Gobeling Manufactory. Sculptures include Apollo Tended by Nymphs of Thetis located in the Gardens, LouisXIV located in the Diana Salon, and the sculpting on the fireplace in the Hercules Salon. Furniture consisted of the Commode from Louis XIV's bedroom in the Grand Trianon, and the Astronomical Clock in the Clock Cabinet in the Apartment of Louis XV. Dcor consisted of the glass mirror panel in the Hall of Mirrors. All these painting, sculptures, furniture, and dcor definitely helped set history during Louis XIV's reign. All of these had something to do with his past. They still remain there and people all over the world, especially France and Europe, have things like this in their houses also.

Louis XIV called himself the Sun King and he was also an Absolute Monarch. Louis XIV was born at the Chateau in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 168. He was only 5 when he became king on the death of his father, Louis XIII. In 1660, Louis XIV married Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain. The following year, on the death of his godfather and prime minister, Cardinal Mazarin, the year old monarch announced that he himself would govern. He carried out the administrative and financial reorganization of the kingdom as well as the development of trade and manufacturing and he reformed the army and racked up military victories. Louis encouraged an extraordinary blossoming of culture theatre, architecture, painting, sculpture, and all the sciences. These accomplishments are depicted on the ceiling of the Hall or Mirrors. Affairs were accepted in the royal family. The King could see another girl, or guy if he chose to do so, and the queen could see other guys, or girls, without being looked down upon. The king' youth became the official residence of the court and government of France on May 6, 168. Under the king's ever watchful eye, great lords no longer plotted. They remained with the army or at court, ready to please and serve. The king controlled everything. He devoted himself to his people. Versailles was open to everyone, not just courtiers. During his coronation, he swore to defend the Catholic faith. The emigration of 00,000 Protestants led him in 1685 to rescind of the Edict of Nantes. In 1700 One of Louis XIV's grandsons was proclaimed king of Spain by right of succession. A war broke out with Europe because they did not agree with this. A series of deaths in the royal family led the king's 5 year old grandson to the throne. Louis XIV's nickname became Louis the Great he displayed remarkable courage during those difficult years.

The king lived a very hard yet easy live. It was hard because he had to know what e was doing to be able to be able to keep the country under his rule. It was very easy because he did everything the same every day and everything was done for him. In the morning he would wake up and his officers would dress him, bathe him, and he would eat breakfast. All the processions would take place at the same time and the same place every day. At dinner he would eat alone. At supper a crowd would fill the room for a public supper. When he was ready to sleep, his officers had to undress him and bath him again. This was the schedule for every single day.

The king wanted Versailles to be more than just a resident. It was also to be the seat of government. It had to be visible to all. So that is why royal emblems and depictions of the monarch were all over Versailles. The monarch basically governed from his Council Cabinet, aided by ministers. "Knowing the Court" was crucial. Networks were subtle and alliances often shifted.

Depending on the day, ,000-10,000 people would crowd around to see the king. Strict rules made it clear who could have access to important people. Everything was done in order by rank. Offices were inherited or purchased and entailed a duty or position. To win the monarch's favour you were to serve him well in the army or high administration and "keep up appearances" at court. The courtiers had to have a fine figure. That was an attractive face and a witty mind. They had to make them selves appear wealthy. They had to change clothes several times a day. Perseverance, strong will, and skill were also required of a good courtier. The way people had to look still lasted throughout the 18th century. It actually became even more strict after Louis XIV.

This kind of life was very boring at times. The courtiers had to entertain one another with conversation, gaming, reading, music, and amateur theatricals. The king offered a reception or show every evening in winter. During the milder seasons the court was often away from Versailles. The Chapel Royal not only hosted daily masses but also magnificent ceremonies such as the annual reception of the Order of the Holy Spirit. Large crowds came to see the procession of knights all dressed in black embroidered with gold flames. Even larger crowds came to see the reception of exotic embassies. A series of special festivities lasted several days and would traditionally take place after weddings, military victories, and the arrival or foreign royalty. Theatre performances took place in a small theatre even after the Opera House was built.

Louis XIV respected the ritual of grand couvert on a daily basis. Protocol required that the king be accompanied by his queen, children, and grand-children. Petit couvert applied when the king dined alone. When the king ate he would go through many different courses. Yet the meal only last 45 min.

All of this is why Louis XIV and Versailles define the history of Europe and France. Louis' lifestyle and how he governed set how the royalty went from there. Everything pretty much remained the same after him. The public people of Europe were also historically affected by Louis XIV, because his lifestyles were looked up to by the public and they wanted to live like he did.

Please note that this sample paper on Louis XIV and Versailles is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Louis XIV and Versailles, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Louis XIV and Versailles will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hypocrisy in Government Exposed in Gulliver's Travels

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Corruption of political systems in one of the primary themes in Gullivers Travels. This corruption is a result of selfishness as well as the inability to see things from any other perspective rather than one's own.

The first voyage of Gulliver takes him to the isle of Lilliput. There, he must play to a petty and ineffectual government. Swift uses several devices to highlight the Lilliputian stupidity. First, they are physically agile and graceful in comparison to Gulliver, who is portrayed as cumbersome and brutish

When I found myself on my Feet, I looked about me, and must confess I never beheld a more entertaining Prospect. The Country round appeared like a continued Garden, and the inclosed Fields, which were generally Forty Foot square, resembled so many Beds of flowers. These Fields were intermingled with Woods of half a Stang, and the tallest Trees, as I could judge, appeared to be seven Foot high. I viewed the Town on my left Hand, which looked like the painted Scene of a City in a Theatre.

This passage is quickly followed by one expressing Gullivers needs to disburdenth himself

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I had been for some Hours extremely pressed by the Necessities of Nature; which was no Wonder, it being almost two Days since I had last disburthened myself. I was under great Difficulties between Urgency and Shame. The best Expedient I could think on, was to creep into my House, which I accordingly did; and shutting the Gate after me, I went as far as the Length of my Chain would suffer, and discharged my Body of that uneasy Load.

By setting up this contrast (it is interesting to point out that this is the only time that Swift makes any reference to Gullivers needs) the reader begins to expect the Lilliput to have a higher form of society. When, later in the book (that is the first book of four), the Lilliputians show their true selfish nature it is more of a surprise to the reader because of the great buildup.

The very fact that this book is put into an adventure format is to lull the reader into believing Gulliver... of course, because Gulliver is Gullible this takes the reader straight to insanity at the end. Swift challenges the reader to make their own decision by taking them from right to wrong and asking them to, at some point, begin disagreeing with Gulliver.

Another point that shows hypocrisy in a system of government is the legal system. In the passage, Gulliver shows how mans lack of insight leads to a conflict with political election

In chusing Persons for all Employments, they have more regard to good Morals than to great Abilities; for, since Government is necessary to Mankind, they believe-that the common Size of Human Understandings is fitted to some Station or other, and that Providence never intended to make the Management of publick Affairs a Mystery, to be comprehended only by a few Persons of sublime Genius, of which there seldom are three born in an Age but they suppose Truth, Justice, Temperance, and the like, to be in every Mans power; the Practice of which Virtues, assisted by Experience and a good Intention, would qualify any Man for the service of his Country, except where a Course of Study is required.

Here, using an argument later used by Andrew Jackson to defend the spoils system he shows an idea commonly forgotten by European politicians as the go after their own greedy schemes. Also, this attack on Europe politics serves to keep the reader on their toes, for Swift is now satirizing both Gulliver, the Lilliputians, and Europe.

Gulliver blames the dances for the fall of Lilliputian law, but what do they represent? It shows how when an incumbent practice day and night to stay that way (by whatever means), his job goes by the wayside. This stems from a lack of empathy with the people, and personal greed for themselves.

In relating these and the following Laws, I would only be understood to mean the original Institutions, and not the most scandalous Corruptions into which these People are fallen by the degenerate Nature of Man. For as to that infamous Practice of acquiring great Employments by dancing on the Ropes, or Badges of Favour and Distinction by leaping over Sticks and creeping under them, the Reader is to observe, that they were first introduced by the Grand-father of the Emperor now reigning, and grew to the present height by the gradual increase of Party and Faction.

It also shows how one kings pride/ boredom/ absolute power eventually makes him care more about personal entertainment then the kingdom. Remember, in Swifts day these people would not be seen as a different culture (no one was) but would have been held to the same morals and political ideas, so it would not have been hard for Swift to bring them this way and that with a sentence or two.

Making Gulliver seem as normal as possible was very important; the reader should have no problem believing this if the book is to be successful in it goal because Gulliver is supposed to be the readers ride to insanity (the point is the abnormal things happen to the normal man). Swift does this in several ways, he makes Gulliver recount all the details of his trip, from the number and variety of food eaten to the housing. Also, Swift never lets us forget that he is just a normal man, even when doing extra-ordinary things

While I was thus employed, the Enemy discharged several thousand Arrows, many of which stuck in my Hands and Face; and besides the excessive smart, gave me much disturbance in my Work. My greatest Apprehension was for mine Eyes, which I should have infallibly lost, if I had not suddenly thought of an Expedient. I kept among other little Necessarys a pair of Spectacles in a private Pocket, which, as I observed before, had escaped the Emperors Searchers.

He is also careful to maintain strict observance to the relative size of the various objects and to make sure that they match accordingly.

The careful reader will also note the places where Imperial wording makes things seem better

The Author by an extraordinary Stratagem prevents an Invasion. A high Title of Honour is conferred upon him. Ambassadors arrive from the Emperor of Blefuscu, and sue for Peace. The Empresss Apartment on fire by an Accident; he Author instrumental I saving the rest of the Palace.

Notice the word "invasion". We can only assume that these summaries are by Gulliver himself, and that they reflect his views on the following sections. Taking this into account we can see the way he, and the king of Lilliput all use the word invasion hastily. There was no particular reason for destroying the enemy ship (other than the mountaineers because they were there). Searching through the text one can find no particular reference to an actual invasion anytime soon. They only had Gulliver destroy the fleet because they did not understand their views.

This, the two island separated by trivialities, perhaps mirrors the plight of England and France (two equal countries separated by water, speaking two languages that differ as much as any of Europe) and their inability to understand the others point of view. Swift tells us that the too islands are warring over which end of an egg should be broken first. Because each side is so closed-minded (and stuck in their point of view) they war. Drawing a more recent example; Cold-war U.S. and U.S.S.R relations (remember Ronald Reagan evil empire?). These are all examples of government leaders who are unwilling to see things from the others point of view and so are stuck in a never-ending competition.

The most obvious example that Swift brings us of uncompromising views creating conflict is found in the parts concerning the great egg schism

Whereupon the Emperor his Father published an Edict, commanding all his Subjects, upon great Penaltys, to break the smaller End of their Eggs. The People so highly resented this Law, that our Historys tell us there have been six Rebellions raised on that account; wherein one Emperor lost his Life, and another his Crown...

...Many hundred large Volumes have been published upon this Controversy But the books of the Big- Endians have been long forbidden, and the whole Party rendered incapable by Law of holding Employments...

...This, however, is thought to be a mere Strain upon the Text For the Words are these That all true Believers shall break their Eggs at the convenient End and which is the convenient End, seems, in my humble Opinion, to be left to every Mans Conscience...

Gulliver is confronted by a society in which minor differences call for immediate war. By showing us the great religious difference are no more than an eggs width, Swift is trying to show how narrow-minded people can be.

Although they seem hospitable at first, Swift makes clear that they are acting only out of selfishness. When they find him on the beach they treat him as well as they can, but this is only to have him serve in their needs. In this section, they talk about compromising his health for their convince

Sometimes they determined to starve me, or at least to shoot me in the Face and Hands with poisoned Arrows, which would soon dispatch me But again they considered, that the Stench of so large a Carcass might produce a Plague in the Metropolis, and probably spread through the whole Kingdom.

Again, by setting the reader up with great expectations of the Lilliput, does Swift expose the thus said fall from grace.

Flimnap And Bolgolam are two examples where Swift shows closed views cause a duos downfall. They view Gulliver with deep mistrust, and the more he does for the kingdom, the more they hate him. They finally cause him to leave and in securing their positions cause the greatest instrument of good for their people to leave. Swift is drawing a parallel between these two, and certain members of the whig party.

In his pride, and closed-mindedness the king of Lilliput wishes to make everyone his subject

His Majesty desired I would take some other Opportunity of bringing all the rest of his Enemys Ships into his Ports. And so unmeasurable is the Ambition of Princes, that he seemed to think of nothing less than reducing the whole Empire of Blefuscu into a Province, and governing it by a Vice-Roy; of destroying the Big-Endian Exiles, and compelling that People to break the smaller end of their Eggs, by which he would remain the sole Monarch of the whole World.

This is the ultimate act of pride/closed-mindedness because the king wishes to make everyone subject to his will. This is where Swift ends the ride with Gulliver. Gulliver, our guide, follows the Lilliputians till this point. This is the last point where the reader can say well... maybe theres a good reason for this. As Swift throws the reader into the pot and slowly brings up the heat, this is the point where Gulliver brings out the stragglers that might have stayed otherwise. The rest of the Book shows the Lilliputians to act cruelly and pridefully and in no kind light either.

Because Gulliver is the main satirical element in the second Book, there isnt much to add to the point but for the encounter between Gulliver and the king.

In this book, Swift uses the exact same methods as before, but in reverse making Gulliver the small one, and magnifying the physical imperfections of the Brobignagians, Swift is able to not only set up a contrast between the two, but capitalize on the trust the readers gave Gulliver in the first Book by making him go off the deep end.

As Gulliver views on government are revealed, he seems more and more closed off from others point of view. In an effort to gain favor with the King, he tells him about the wonder of gunpowder after which the king reacts in, what seem to the reader, a noble and intelligent way

The King was struck with horror at the description I had given of those terrible engines, and the proposal I had made. He was amazed how so impotent and groveling an insect as I (these were his expressions) could entertain such inhuman ideas, and in so familiar a manner as to appear wholly unmoved at all the scenes of blood and desolation, which I had painted as the common effects of those destructive machines, whereof he said some evil genius, enemy to mankind, must have been the first contriver.

Here, Swift is not only satirizing the wisdom of weapons of war, but of the deep feelings Gulliver has for his country.

As Gulliver attempts to keep his European pride, he begins to look more and more a fool. At the beginning, Gulliver is rightly proud of his home government, why shouldnt he be? as this, the second book, progresses his unwavering pride, and refusal to see things from other points of view become his downfall. He is confronted by a the distillation of a good monarch. When the good king disagrees with him, Gulliver simply chalks it up to closed-mindedness. What he doesnt realize is that it is his own closed-mindedness that prevents him from recognizing the good king opinions

But great allowances should be given to a King who lives wholly secluded from the rest of the world, and must therefore be altogether unacquainted with the manners and customs that most prevail in other nations; the want of which knowledge will ever produce many prejudices, and a certain narrowness of thinking, from which we and the politer countries of Europe are wholly exempted. And it would be hard indeed, if so remote a princes notions of virtue and vice were to be offered as a standard for all mankind.

coupled with

A strange effect of narrow principles and short views that a prince possessed of every quality which procures veneration, love, and esteem; of strong parts, great wisdom, and profound learning, endued with admirable talents for government, and almost adored by his subjects, should from a nice unnecessary scruple, whereof in Europe we can have no conception, let slip an opportunity to put into his hands, that would have made him absolute master of the lives, the liberties, and the fortunes of his people.

In the third book Gulliver is confronted with a society that values abstract ideas above common sense. They need people whos special job it is to keep them on task make sure they are alert in times of need. "His Majesty took not the least notice of us, although our entrance was not without sufficient noise, by the concourse of all persons belonging to the court."

Here, the king is inattentive to matters of state, the government suites the people fine though, because they are equally inattentive, perhaps mirroring the European public.

In the fourth book there are also problems. The race of Houyhnhnms, which are an intelligent species of horse have a peculiar form of government a pure democracy. In presenting the Houyhnhnms as Gullivers role-models Swift invites the reader to fall into the trap of thinking that the Houyhnhnms are the perfect form of being. In this respect one would think that they would have the most open minds, yet that is the sticking block. By providing this one friction point between the reader and the Houyhnhnms, Swift opens the door of Houyhnhnm criticism. Once through this small door of disagreement one can see what pathetically empty lives they lead.

One example of their close-minded government is their treatment of the different breeds. There is no way for a horse of a particular color to advance through the ranks. There is no way for any advancement whatsoever. The head horses will always be just that, and the minor horses, no matter how cunning or wise they may become, because their society has already made up their minds, will always be minor.

The inability to see things from different angels also tainted the Houyhnhnms governmental response

After a short silence he told me he did not know how I would take what he was going to say; that in the last general assembly, when the affair of the Yahoos was entered upon, the representatives had taken offense at his keeping a Yahoo (meaning myself) in his family more like a Houyhnhnm than a brute animal. That he was known frequently to converse with me, as if he could receive some advantage or pleasure in my company; that such a practice was not agreeable to reason or nature, nor a thing ever heard of before among them.

The Houyhnhnms are unwilling to accept something that is different. The general assembly doesnt even confer with the yahoo (for we must always label some thing we do not understand), nor do they offer a chance at redemption. The assembly is a warning against mob rule, but also serves to show how even when Gullivers master is confronted with something he disagrees with, he must still comply even though it effects only him.

Throughout the book, Swift brings us from reasonable to unreasonable and lets us decide where to get off. The whole book can be seen to go from silly and sophomoric in the first book to critical and realistic towards the end. By building up a readers trust and letting them down, Swift accomplishes his goal of satirizing human hypocrisy in government.

Please note that this sample paper on Hypocrisy in Government Exposed in Gulliver's Travels is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hypocrisy in Government Exposed in Gulliver's Travels, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Hypocrisy in Government Exposed in Gulliver's Travels will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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