Subject

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Now approaching epidemic proportions, suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States.

It is estimated that 00 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; this is equivalent to one teenager lost every day.

Evidence indicates that for every suicide, they are 50 to 100 attempts at suicide.

Due to the stigma associated with suicide, available statistics may well underestimate the problem. Nevertheless, these figures do underscore the urgent need to seek a solution to the suicide epidemic among our young people.

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Risk factors

Mental Illness Ninety percent of adolescent suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death most often depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders. Only 15% of suicide victims were in treatment at the time of death.

Previous Attempts Between 6% and % of adolescent suicide victims have made a previous suicide attempt.

Stressors Suicide in youth often occurs after the victim has gotten into some sort of trouble or has experienced a recent disappointment or rejection.

Firearms Having a firearm in the home greatly increases the risk of youth suicide. Sixty-four percent of suicide victims 10-4 years old use a firearm to complete the act. Now approaching epidemic proportions, suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States.

It is estimated that 00 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; this is equivalent to one teenager lost every day.

Evidence indicates that for every suicide, they are 50 to 100 attempts at suicide.

Due to the stigma associated with suicide, available statistics may well underestimate the problem. Nevertheless, these figures do underscore the urgent need to seek a solution to the suicide epidemic among our young people.

Mental Illness Ninety percent of adolescent suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death most often depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders. Only 15% of suicide victims were in treatment at the time of death.

Previous Attempts Between 6% and % of adolescent suicide victims have made a previous suicide attempt.

Stressors Suicide in youth often occurs after the victim has gotten into some sort of trouble or has experienced a recent disappointment or rejection.

Firearms Having a firearm in the home greatly increases the risk of youth suicide. Sixty-four percent of suicide victims 10-4 years old use a firearm to complete the act.

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Smokers should just quit smoking!

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1Wall paint stripper, ant poison, toilet cleaner, lighter fluid, car exhaust gas, insecticide, NASA fuel, mothballs, insecticide/weed killer, PVC pipes added to 4000 other chemicals. Better known as Acetone, Arsenic, Ammonia, Butane, Carbon Monoxide, DDT, Methanol, Naphthalene, Nicotine and finally vinyl chloride. Also known as the components of the modern day cigarette

The constituents of a cigarette are far from appealing, yet 11.1 billion people have taken to smoking worldwide. The cigarette trade is a billion pound commerce, enticing 15.45% of high school students each year. Youths remain the prime consumers of the cigarette industry. As cigarettes become more commercial the effects are emphasised more, especially to students. Yet 1.5 million deaths, worldwide, each year, occur due to smoking. This figure is significantly high, considering the fact that over 70% of smokers are trying to quit. Sales in cigarette purchase are far from declining but accelerating each year. The question remains, 'What prevents individuals from discarding an unwanted habit such as smoking?'

Figure 1 how teens obtain cigarettes taken from http//www.lungusa.org/data/smoke/smk.pdf

Male 4.7% 14.% 5.4%

Female 4.% 1.% .%

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic 8.6% 10.4% 18.8%

Male 8.% 18.8% 8.%

Female .1% 1.5% 8.6%

Black, non-Hispanic 1.7% 1.% 1.7%

Male 1.8% .5% 16.0%

Female 17.7% 0.% 11.6%

Figure 1percentage of high school student's smoking- ethnicity included

There are 4 chemicals in a cigarette known to cause cancer, one being nicotine, recognised as being the most frequently used addictive drug. Nicotine, one of more than 14,000 chemicals found in the smoke from tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, is the 4primary component in tobacco that acts on the brain. There have been substantial increases in the sales and consumption of smokeless tobacco products recently. It is this addiction instigated by nicotine that inhibits smokers from quitting. Cigarette smoking is the most prevalent form of nicotine addiction.

Most smokers use cigarettes because of their addiction to nicotine. For non-smokers the attitude taken to smokers is commonly cynical. The fact remains that the 6addiction to nicotine is usually overlooked and their efforts to eliminate this addiction are usually underestimated. Most smokers identify tobacco and nicotine as harmful and articulate an aspiration to reduce or stop using it. Nearly 5 million smokers make a serious attempt to quit smoking each year, less than 7% who try and quit on their own achieve more than a year of abstinence. Most relapse within a few days of their attempt.

In terms of judging smokers, it is important to consider the addictive properties of nicotine as well as its high level of availability. Other factors include the practically non-existent legal and social consequences of tobacco use, the sophisticated marketing and advertising methods used by tobacco companies. These factors, collectively with the addictive characteristics of nicotine, prompt first use and inevitably addiction. The judgemental public eye fails to finger point social and media influences, advertising and promotion, peer pressure and celebrity manipulation as the instigators for many smokers.

Figure 6domestic cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures in the US from the years 16-14 taken from http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm

Furthermore, Research has recently concluded that nicotine acts on the brain producing various behavioural effects. The prime effect is the addictive side, though of equal importance is the property that nicotine regulates feelings of pleasure. Cigarette smoking produces a rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, drug levels peak within 10 seconds of inhaling. The chemical involved in the desire to consume drugs is Dopamine of which nicotine increases the levels. The effects of nicotine dissipate in a few minutes, causing smokers to dose frequently and maintain the gratifying effects preventing withdrawal.

What the general public remain ignorant of is the concept that cigarettes are efficient in use. Through inhaling a smoker rapidly provides the brain with nicotine in every puff. A 'typical' smoker takes 10 puffs over a 5-minute period. Therefore an individual smoking 1 or packets a day (0 cigarettes) on a daily basis acquires 00 'hits' of nicotine to the brain every day. Hence increasing the addictive disposition of nicotine through the pleasurable effects. What the smoker remains ignorant of is the reality that on average, every cigarette that is smoked to satisfy this desire for pleasure shortens their life span by 11 minutes.

If this information is insufficient in acting as an insight as to why smokers continue to conform to an act that is self-destructive then advances in medical research provide extended evidence. Recent research identifies other chemicals as being psychoactive constituents of tobacco. Scientists have acknowledged a decrease in an enzyme named Monoamineoxidase (MAO), responsible for breaking down Dopamine. A chemical other than nicotine adding to the pleasurable incentive that smoking generates must cause this adverse effect.

7Nicotine remains as one of the most widely abused substances as identified by the 1 national household survey on Drug abuse. 1An estimated 57 million Americans were current smokers and a further 7.6 million used smokeless tobacco. Accumulating from this, in 18 each day in the United States more than 000 people below the age of 18 began daily smoking. According to the 8Centres for disease control and prevention,' in 11 cigarette smoking for high school students in the U.S increased from 7.5% to 6.4% in 17. Statistics such as these remain constant sources representative of the dangers of nicotine addiction.

Terminating nicotine consumption stems withdrawal symptoms, which quickly prompt the use of tobacco products. Symptoms include irritability, craving, cognitive and attention deficits, insomnia, and increased appetite. The most important symptom, yet the most overlooked is craving, an urge for nicotine described as 'the most major obstacle.' While the withdrawal syndrome is related to the pharmacological effects of nicotine, many behavioural factors also can affect the severity of withdrawal symptoms. For some people, the feel, smell, and sight of a cigarette and the habit of obtaining, handling, lighting, and smoking the cigarette are all associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking, and can make withdrawal or craving worse. While nicotine gum and patches may alleviate the pharmacological aspects of withdrawal, cravings often persist

1Chronic exposure to nicotine be it directly or indirectly (passive smoking) results is some sort of addiction. Nicotine addiction cannot be taken lightly and with figures such as 1.1 billion smokers at present, aid in combating this addiction is imperative. 10% of smokers trying to quit without help fail most within a week, hence aid and support needs to be advertised more within homes, school and society.

Smokers are considered by some, an inconvenience to society, polluting the air, the cause to passive smoking. To other non-smokers smoking is less of a problem, 'if they want to damage their health, that's their problem.' This kind of attitude, if taken by everyone would add to nicotine abuse spiralling out of control. Smokers especially youth smokers have to be made more aware of the severity of smoking. To the individuals that remain indifferent passive smoking needs to be highlighted in order for society to recognise and deal with those smokers who are in urgent need of help.

Figure 6comparative causes of annual deaths in the Unites states taken from http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm

Nicotine addiction stems a variety of diseases, repeated exposure to nicotine results in the development of tolerance. This condition is one of which higher doses of the same drug are need to produce the same effect. Nicotine is metabolised rapidly, the body expels it from the body in a matter of hours. Therefore tolerance is lost over night, as time progresses acute tolerance develops, cigarettes become less effective and more are consumed.

Figure 4 deaths attributed to cigarette smoking

The medical consequences of nicotine exposure result from effects of both the nicotine itself and how it is taken. The most detrimental effect of nicotine addiction is the result of tobacco use, 1accounting for one third of all cancers. 1Amongst this is lung cancer, one of the leading killers of both men and women. Cigarette smoking has been linked to 0% of all lung cancer cases. 10The world health organisation, label smoking as the greatest cause of death and disability, known as the cause for 5 diseases. The world health organisation also makes clear that the effect of smoking and 'its impact on world health is not fully assessed.'

Lung problems caused by smoking are a primary health risk, 1killing more than 0,000 people in the UK alone each year. 1UK studies highlight that men who smoke increase their chance of dying from lung cancer by more than times. Female smokers also disadvantage themselves by increasing their risk of lung cancer by nearly 1 times. Lung cancer is difficult to treat and its survival rates are poor. Other forms of Lung cancer such as Emphysema (difficulty in breathing) have irreversible effects. A relationship between cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease was first reported in the 140s. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease including, stroke, heart attack vascular disease and Aneurysm. It is estimated that nearly one fifth of deaths from heart disease are attributed to smoking.

1Studies conducted in the Uk reveal smokers in their 0s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non-smokers. 4Tobacco contributes to the hardening of the arteries through Atheromas 'fatty deposits' leading to 'Atherosclerosis. The tissue can then become Ischaemic 'without oxygen' or block off the blood supply in the coronary arteries supplying the heart, causing myocardial infarction 'heart attack' or blood vessels supplying the brain, causing strokes. 1Smokers that continue to smoke for a lifetime have a 50% chance that their death will be smoking-related (half of these deaths in middle age).

Smoking affects society as whole and not just smokers in general. 10,000 people worldwide burn or suffocate due to fires caused by cigarettes. 1Second hand smoking is an escalating dilemma estimated to cause ,000 lung cancer deaths per year for non-smokers and over 40,000 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to smoking in the home and increases the severity of asthma for children, as well as contributing to new forms of asthma.

If passive smoking and the complications that arise due to smoking is not enough of an incentive for the average individual to aid others in combating nicotine addiction future impacts should act as motivation. Nicotine addiction in women doesn't cease at pregnancy and those that continue to smoke if without help put themselves and their foetus at serious risk.

For pregnant women, carbon monoxide (a lethal gas) and high doses of nicotine attained when they inhale tobacco smoke interfere with oxygen supply to the foetus. Nicotine crosses the placenta, and the concentration in the foetus can be 15% higher than maternal levels. Carbon monoxide also inhibits the release of oxygen into foetal tissues. Woman who smokes during pregnancy are at a higher risk than non-smokers for premature delivery, and reduced birth weight of infant.

In the United States 10% of pregnant women smoke throughout their pregnancies. Smoking in pregnancy greatly increases the chance of a miscarriage, it can also promote sudden infant death syndrome, cot death and high rates of infant respiratory illness (bronchitis, colds, pneumonia). Smoking reduces the fertility of both women and men, with escalating figures in terms of smokers especially from an early rate this could soon affect birth rate.

Future problems include the social effects with a decline in birth rate; the amount of working individuals needed to support older generations would also decline. 10By 00 the Worldwide Health Organisation expects the worldwide death toll due to nicotine to reach 10 million, causing 17.7% of all deaths in developed countries. With an estimated 1.1 billion smokers in the world only 800,000 of them are in developing countries.

Diseases such as lung cancer and harm to infants through smoking can be reduced, through pharmacological treatment for nicotine. Individuals need to be motivated to quit, and no attempt to help someone quit is worthless. If a 1-year-old man quit smoking on average his life expectancy would increase by 5.1 years.

As well as behavioural and pharmological treatments there are nicotine replacement therapies. These include nasal inhalers, nicotine gum and transdermal patches and work to relieve withdrawal symptoms, producing less severe physiological alterations. These therapies are beneficial as they have little abuse potential since they do not produce such pleasurable effects. Combine therapies such as increased messages in the media to stop smoking and selling over the counter medication has increased successful quitting by 0% each year.

Behavioural treatments are also valuable such as formal smoking-cessation programmes, telephone and written formats and public awareness. These types of therapies take ethical issues and moral standards into consideration. Segregation within society and categorising people stem prejudices and discrimination. The question remains is it ethical or moral to segregate smokers from society? Isn't this just forcing them to deal with their addiction and problems on their own? Smokers have an addiction and strive to satisfy this, yet public places such as high street shops and public transport don't acknowledge this. From a smokers perspective they are pushed further and further from society through smokers rooms at work and separate seating arrangements in restaurants. In doing this society is dissolving all support for smokers trying to quit, however Smoking is damaging to the health of individuals. Disease can arise due to passive smoking therefore laws and ethics should work to protect the general public from health problems.

Bibliography

1http//www.doctorsecrets.com/your-medicine/smoking/the-chemicals-in-tobacco-smoke.html

www.google.com- (search)-nicotine-

www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/ nicotine/nicotine.html

Bartecchi, C.E.; MacKenzie, T.D.; and Schrier, R.W. Human costs of tobacco use. New Engl J Med 007-80, 14.

Benowitz, N.L. Pharmacology of nicotine addiction and therapeutics. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 657-61, 16.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4()755-758, 000.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Surveillance Summaries, June , 000. MMWR 4, SS-5, 000.

Giovino, G.A.; Henningfield, J.E.; Tomar, S.L.; Escobedo, L.G.; and Slade, J. Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiol Rev 17(1)48-65, 15.

Henningfield, J.E. Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. New Engl J Med 116-10, 15.

Hughes, J.R. The future of smoking cessation therapy in the United States. Addiction 1177-180, 16.

Lynch, B.S., and Bonnie, R.J., eds. Growing Up Tobacco Free. Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Committee on Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Division of Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine, 15.

Martin, W.R.; Van Loon, G.R.; Iwamoto, E.T.; and Davis, L., eds. Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine. New York Plenum Publishing, 187.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future, National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings 000. NIH Pub. No. 01-4, 001.

Pomerleau, O.F.; Collins, A.C.; Shiffman, S.; and Pomerleau, C.S. Why some people smoke and others do not new perspectives. J Consult Clin Psychol 617-71, 1.

Rice, D.P. Economic Costs of Substance Abuse, 15. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, 111()11-15, 1.

The Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline Panel and Staff. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research smoking cessation clinical practice guidelines. JAMA 75170-180, 16.

www.smoking.com

4Salters biology book- topic 1

5www.google.com-addiction/nicotine

6 http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm

7 www.nationalhouseholdsurvey.com/drugabuse1.html

8www.controlfordiseaseandprevention.com/stats/smoking.html

www.msnsearch.com-statistics on smoking (graphs)- http//www.lungusa.org/data/smoke/smk.pdf

10www.worldhealthorganisation.com

www.nicotine-anonymous.org/

www.skyrecords.co.jp/nicotine

Nicotine Effects - Mind Over Matter Series-www.nida.nih.gov/MOM/NIC/MOMNIC1.html

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Safety

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Mud turtles have green or dark brown smooth shells with no patterns on them. They are small turtles; only to 5 inches long, and eat tadpoles, worms, insects, and plants.To identify whether the following changes are physical or chemical.

Safety Precautions The safety precautions you should know for an experimental lab are always wear safety goggles so chemicals don't burn your eyes, for girls and boys you should tie your hair back and roll up your sleeves so your hair or sleeves don't catch on fire. You should always stand up in a lab because you react faster and keep the aisles clear. If you're using a Bunsen Burner never leave it unattended, and if your checking the odour of a chemicals always use your hands to waft the fumes carefully towards you.

Chemical spills should be cleaned instantly. Also make sure the lab table is clear of any flammable items. No metals are to be dumped into the sink, same with Barium Nitrate and copper sulfate. Any acid is corrosive.

Materials Zinc Hydrochloric Acid (6 mol) Lead Nitrate

Vinegar Potassium Iodide Baking Soda

Copper Sulfate Barium Nitrate Magnesium

Bunsen Burner Matches Test Tube Rack

Pipette Scoopula Water

Test Tubes Bromothymol Blue

Procedure

1) Magnesium and Oxygen

1. Put safety goggles on if you don't already have them on for all experiments.

. Plug the Bunsen burner into the gas valve turn the gas on.

. When the flame appeared make sure it is blue.

4. Hold the Magnesium with tweezers in the flame.

5. Observe and record the results.

6. When a spark of white light has shown put the magnesium into a beaker of water.

7. Clean up the Bunsen burner and station for all experiments.

) Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from a test tube rack.

. Scoop 1- scoops of zinc up with a scoopula and put it into the test tube.

4. Put 1- drops of Hydrochloric acid with an eye dropper into the test tube with the

5. Mix it together and observe the results.

6. Dispose of the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.

) Lead Nitrate and Potassium Iodide

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from a test tube rack.

. Put 1- drops of lead nitrate with an eyedropper into the test tube.

4. Put 1- drops of Potassium iodide with an eyedropper into the test tube with the lead nitrate in the same test tube.

5. Observe and record the results

6. Dispose the chemical when you're done. Clean up station.

4) Vinegar and Baking Soda

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.

. Using a pipette place mL of Vinegar with an eyedropper into the test tube.

4. Place 1- scoops some baking soda with a scoopula and put it into the test tube with the vinegar.

5. Observe and record the results.

6. Dispose the chemical when you're done. Clean up the station

5) Copper Sulfate and Barium Nitrate

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.

. Squeeze - drops of Copper sulfate into the test tube.

4. Squeeze - drops of Barium Nitrate into the test tube with the Copper sulfate.

5. Observe and record the results.

6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up the station.

6) Vinegar and Bromothymol Blue Indicator

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.

. Put 1- drops of vinegar with an eyedropper into the test tube.

4. Squeeze - drops Bromothymol blue indicator into the test tube with the vinegar.

5. Observe and record the results.

6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.

7) Copper Sulfate and Water

1. Repeat step number one.

. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.

. Scoop 1- scoops of copper sulfate with a scoopula and put it into the test tube.

4. Put some water with an eyedropper into the test tube with the copper sulfate.

5. Observe and record the results.

6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.

Observations

Station # Name of Starting Materials Description of Starting Materials Description of Products Once they React Chemical or Physical Change

1. 1.Magnesium. Oxygen -Sliver strip-Hard, thin-Clear-Odourless-Gas -Bright spark of white light Chemical- Light and heat are given off

. 1. Zinc. Hydrochloric acid -Powder-Light weight-Grey-Colourless-Odourless-Liquid -Bubbles of heat-Mechanical mixture-The zinc and acid separates Chemical- Bubbles of gas are formed

. 1.Lead Nitrate.Potassium Iodide -Colouless-Liquid-Unusual smell-Yellow-Strong Smell-Liquid -A new colour appeared -Difficult to reverse-Mixed into one new substance Chemical-A new colour appeared -Difficult to reverse -Heat was given off

4. 1.Vinegar (acetic acid). Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate) -Bad Smell-Clear-Liquid-White -Powder-Odourless -Light weight - Bubbles of gas were formed - A lot of pressure, overflowed Chemical- Bubbles of gas were formed

5. 1. Copper Sulfate. Barium Nitrate -Green-Liquid-Translucent-Clear-Transparent-Liquid -A new colour appears - Several bubbles of gas formed Chemical-A new colour appears

6. 1. Vinegar.Bromothymol Blue Indicator -Translucent- Clear-Smells Bad-Blue-Liquid-Opaque - A new colour appears- Difficult to reverse- Once the blue contacted with the vinegar it changed to a orange colour Chemical-a new colour appeared-Difficult to reverse

7. 1. Copper Sulfate.Water -Blue + white small pieces-Light weight-Clear-Odourless-Liquid - Separated into different substances- Its easy to reverse Physical-Substances remained the same

Conclusion In Conclusion my hypothesis was correct because I predicted that 6 out of the 7 chemicals would be chemical change and not physical because of the way that the chemicals would react to the other substances. Also I predicted that the copper sulfate and the water would be physical change because of the two substances separated. They didn't dissolve into one whole substance they stayed, as .The way I knew that the labs were chemical change because of the 5 clues a new colour appears, heat or light is given off, bubbles of gas are formed, the solid forms into a liquid, and it is difficult to reverse. There was more chemical change because more of the experiments reacted chemically and formed into one new whole substance instead of staying as two separate substances.

Discussion

1. What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred?

a) A new colour appears

b) Heat and light are given off

c) Bubbles are formed by gas

d) The solid material forms into a liquid

e) Its difficult to reverse

. Which substances underwent a physical change?

The Substance that I think underwent a physical change was the Copper Sulfate and water.

. There are three ways a change can be physical what are they?

a) Shape b) Size c) State

4. Name one everyday use of each of the chemicals used in the lab?(Except Copper Sulfate and Barium Nitrate)

One everyday use of each of the chemicals used in the lab are

Magnesium- it is used for metals and to reduce greenhouse gases

Oxygen-It is used to help us breath and it helps make things grow

Zinc-It is used for plants, to make them grow, doesn't turn leaves yellow

Hydrochloric Acid-used to assist protein digestion by activating the stomach

Lead Nitrate-It is an applicant that's in the pigment industry and in Gold Mining

Potassium Iodide-it is used to reduce the risk of thyroid Cancer in a nuclear emergency is released

Vinegar-it is a food product, used for cooking, brakes things down

Baking Soda- it is used for cleaning and cooking

Bromothymol Blue Indicator-It is used in swimming pools to check the Ph levels

Water- it keeps us hydrated

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A Dolls House

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The play, "A Dolls House" was written by Henrik Ibsen. As one researcher put it, "Henrik Ibsen was known as the father of modern drama" (A Career in Drama 1661). He was boring in Skein, Norway in 188. Norway is a country under democratic Monarchy. Although Norway has no set religion, its people are mostly catholic (Wonders of Norway). Ibsen moved to Germany and Italy for 7 years. He was the director of the National Theater in Norway. Also, Ibsen is credited with the development of the realistic "problem play." Henrik often uses realistic settings in his plays.

Women once led shallow lives, doomed to abide by everything their husbands commanded. They were expected to fulfill certain requirements and stick to the straight path of life as a female. This all changed as the play "A Dolls House," accurately depicted one woman's fight for liberation. The play begins by introducing a perfect family complete with a mother, father, and two sweet children. At first life seems to sail along flawlessly. After the play progresses, a world of pain, untruthfulness, and neglect emerges. Nora, mother of two children and wife to Torvald, has a secret she can't let Torvald find out about. Towards the midpoint of the play, Nora finds herself between a rock and a hard place after one of Torvalds past employees' uses blackmail to manipulate his way into a Job. In the end, Nora comes to the realization her life and marriage have never truly existed; and as a result leaves, in search of identity and liberation. Throughout the play, "A Dolls House" there is three distinct cases in which the need for women's liberation can be observed. The first has to do with the hardships Nora experiences while trying to save her husband. The second example is seen in the pet names Torvald uses for Nora. The final situation in which the need presents itself can be seen when Torvald tries to control Nora's behaviors.

In the first few opening lines of the play, Nora learns her husband has become ill. The only treatment available to rid Torvald of his disease was to travel south to a warmer climate. Knowing that Torvald was too tight with money, Nora took it upon herself to raise the funds needed for the trip. The laws at the time didn't allow women to take out a loan with out a man's consent. Nora had a hard time understanding the laws and restrictions of the time. Nora's statements in the World Masterpieces literature book plainly illustrate the confusion. "A wife hasn't the right to save her husbands life…" (51). Nora made the decision to forge her father's signature in order to get the money.

Torvald uses pet names with Nora as a way to keep her under his control. During the play he identifies Nora his little lark; which suggests ownership over her. The web page Summary Central Torvald as saying, "My little songbird mustn't droop her wings. What's this? Is little squirrel sulking?" (56). I feel the names made Nora feel as though she needs Torvald to guide and care for her. Also, the name calling probably make Torvald feel as though he has a deeper relationship with his wife than he really does. As one article put it, "Ibsen uses Torvald's famous pet names for Nora-lark, squirrel-to gibe her a "strong 'animal' identity" and to underscore her inability to understand the ethical issues faced by human beings" (The Demon in The House 45).

For the duration of the third act, Torvald is trying to control Nora's actions. Before the big Christmas dance he tells Nora which dress she will wear and what dance she will perform. Throughout the entire play, Nora is being manipulated like a doll, thus the name a dolls house. She is expected to perform for her husband. At this point in the play I feel Nora must be feeling as though she is not truly loved. If Torvald justly loved Nora, he would have given Nora a chance to discuss the party situation.

Throughout the play it was apparent that women had much less power and far fewer rights than men. Nora struggled to gain respect and opposed the idea of fewer rights until the end of the play. The liberation of women was an extremely significant accomplishment. It allowed women equal rights as men. Without it women wouldn't have the chance to make their own decisions.

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Benefit of learning a second language

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Learning a second language can be very expensive and inflexible. However, the increasingly diverse society and cultural has influenced on individuals to become multilingual. Also, economic and politic concerns play a major role in the people view of the value of learning a second language. In addition, during the past two years, I have studied English as my second language and I found that it gives me many benefits in term of gaining my self-confidence to be in a society or better communicate to reach across languages and cultures. The following paragraphs explain some benefits of learning second language.

First of all, personal benefits. An obvious advantage of knowing more than one language is you can communicate to more people. Individuals who speak and read more than one language certainly have the ability to be in touch with more people, literature, and benefit fully from travel to other countries. As an English student, I believe I understand and appreciate more for the Australian customs than many others and I also gains more respect from other people. Ultimately, knowing English also give me a competitive advantage in term of job opportunities.

The following benefit of learning a second language is society benefits. Bilingualism and Multilingualism have many benefits to society. For example, Thai people who are fluent in more than one language can work to promote Thai culture, customs and places for the oversea visitors to visit Thailand. They also can be airline employees, second language teachers as a result of greater understanding of other language and culture.

Finally, another benefit of learning a second language is citizenship benefits. Whereas many people find it very hard to adapt to varying culture contexts, students who study second language adapt better to the changes in culture and environment because they have learn more of other cultures. Multilingualism also displays greater cultural sensitivity.

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In summary, study second language gives many benefits to students in term of personal communicative abilities, culture awareness, and job opportunities. Society also benefit from this economically and socially. Thus, parents and students should take full advantage of the available opportunities and resources of second language learning for the benefit of their children in the 1st century.

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Appalachian man

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The Appalachian American

There is a culture and way of life very apart from mainstream America tucked away into the slopes and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. This is a culture steeped in tradition and history since the revolutionary war, a culture which has retained its traditions despite repeated efforts from outsiders to either exploit it or to make it a more mainstream, in the foreigner's mind more civilized, culture. It is something of an anomaly how this region has been able to hold on to so much of its lifestyle in the face of such radical economic changes around it. Therefore it is a culture still based upon hunting and fishing, extended families, living by oneself and for oneself, and a general do-it-yourself attitude.

My personal interest in this culture goes very deep. I have long loved the mountains in addition to a personal affinity towards bluegrass music, so interest in Appalachian culture was only a matter of time for me. I have read much of Appalachian literature, having taken part in the Appalachian literature course at Georgetown University under Professor Patricia O'Connor. I have spent a couple of weekends camping in the Appalachians, once in the Shenandoah Mountains of Virginia and once at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. Yet the brunt of my analytical research comes from a week I spent in Cherry Grove, West Virginia as part of a Habitat for Humanity service project. During that week I had the privilege to meet and work with many native Appalachians, to attend their masses, to eat meals with them, and in general to live amongst them.

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In doing my research for this project, I was continually reminded of the essay "The Price of Progress" by John H. Bodley in the Applying Cultural Anthropology reader. In that he states, "tribal peoples have not chosen progress to enjoy its advantages, but … governments have pushed progress upon them to obtain tribal resources (Podolefsky )." The Appalachian people have never before been referred to as a tribe, yet if we define that term as an autonomous group of people who sustain themselves amongst themselves within a larger organization of people, then the Appalachians of yore could very well be referred to as such. That granted, Bodley's quote describes perfectly the intervention of big businesses upon Appalachia and its resources in the first half of the 1th century (Dunaway 65). Bodley also states that the imposed 'change and improvement' of governments for peoples or tribes who are not in need of that particular kind of 'change and improvement' more often than not results in "poverty, longer working hours, and much greater physical exertion (Podolefsky )." This sounds very reminiscent to me of the move of so many Appalachian men from their family farms to the coalmines and timber fields of the entrepreneurs at the enticement of far greater wages yet on the bosses' own working conditions. The big businesses continued to exploit and deplete the region's natural resources, including manpower, in effect "forcing tribal people into participating in the world-market economy; thus leading to further resource depletion (8)." Some Appalachians were able to effectively amalgamate themselves and benefit from these economic changes, yet for the majority the situation only deteriorated as "they discover that they are powerless, second-class citizens who are discriminated against and exploited by the dominant society ()." This is exemplified in the many depictions in popular American media of Appalachians as stupid, rusticated, backwards, incestuous, 'slack-jawed', or so many other epithets. Yet I will come back to all of this later. For now I will describe the general characteristics of the Appalachian people as I saw them.

As I mentioned above, despite repeated attempts by outsiders to 'civilize' this culture, Appalachians retain their traditions as adamantly today as during the 1700s. Houses are still spread considerably apart from each other, barring the Habitat-related (outsider-influenced) community at which I worked, located along dirt roads right on the hillsides or deep in the valleys and in many cases set very far away from any sort of convenience store or supermarket. Therefore subsistence living is still a much-employed practice. One of the most striking characteristics of this culture is that hunting and fishing are still such integral parts of the Appalachian lifestyle. In fact, it seemed to me that every grown man owned at least one set of camouflage and one shotgun. There were never less than five men at a time at any local fishing spot. Men walking around town during business hours dressed completely in camouflage is a very common sight, to the extent that it made me realize that many of these men must employ themselves merely on the task of bringing home food at the end of every day. On one occasion a local under whom I was working expressed the utmost incredulity at the fact that I did not own even one gun. He told me that one of the biggest days in a young boy's life was the day when his father would give him his first shotgun. The fact that I had not experienced that day appalled my friend.

One might notice that in all this talk of hunting and fishing, I did not once mention women. In fact I never once noticed a woman walking around in camouflage. Hence specific gender roles are still very much in place here. Women for a great part have their jobs yet still keep care of the house and small children, a situation which at one point following WWII was forced to change because of outside influences, but we'll come back to that later. Berry picking is still a very common practice, as is subsistence farming. All of this is indicative of the food eaten in a common household; namely, salted pork and other meats, fish, corn, beans, potatoes, berry pies, in general less processed foods. In fact, I do not remember seeing a single McDonald's, Wendy's, or Burger King in all of West Virginia, staples of the mainstream American's diet. This reminds me of the situation described by Maris Boyd Gillette in her book "Between Mecca and Beijing" between the diets of the Hui and Han populations in the Chinese city of Xi'an. These two populations live in such close proximity, yet have a vastly different diet due chiefly to the Hui's strict adherence to the traditions of its religion, Islam, and conversely due to the Han's desire to modernize in every respect, including diet. This in a way parallels mainstream America's striving for modernization and convenience in every aspect including diet, the best example of which is fast food, as opposed to Appalachia's striving to retain the self-sustaining lifestyle to which it has traditionally adhered.

This is not to say though that people of the Appalachian region are so tied to tradition that they do not partake of any of the amenities of modern-day American society. There are centers of commerce resplendent with a supermarket, gas stations, a couple convenience stores, and perhaps a regional fast food place, one in particular I remember was called Mean Gene's. Yet these centers of commerce are located in some instances a good half-hour to an hour from some of the smaller towns, separated by unlit windy roads which no one should have to drive at night. The supermarkets are there for one's use, yet they are never as crowded as they would be in cities or suburbs. There is simply less importance in this culture on material luxury goods and more importance on useful family heirlooms, such as guns, clothing, baskets and the like. There is a vastly different attitude towards nature in this region as well. Whereas in the city nature is built upon and used to the advantage of man, it is still for the most part intact in West Virginia. Nature is still used to the advantage of man here, but on a much more individual basis and with more attention placed on the integrity of nature itself. My work supervisor in West Virginia told me once that he, lacking a sufficient water heater and in keeping with the do-it-yourself attitude of subsistence living, built a water heater for his house that was fueled by burning wood. He said though that because it used up so much wood, he filled it up as sparingly as possible and never at night. In the same respect, in the process of our building of a nature trail through the woods, we needed to chop down some trees in order to build a bridge, but not a tree too much was cut down and what scraps remained he brought home for his furnace; in addition he encouraged us, untrained in such things, to learn for ourselves how to use a chainsaw to help him cut down these trees.

Another of this culture's characteristics which jumps out at the outsider is the closeness of extended family. Families in some cases live most of their lives just towns away from parents, cousins, uncles, aunts, etc. There does not seem to be as much upward social mobility in this culture as mainstream America, yet people seem content with that. In many cases Appalachian people know who they are and what they do, and that fulfills them exponentially. Kin generally seem to help out kin in this society, as opposed to the commonly held view of the prevalence of family rivalries, e.g. the Hatfields and the McCoys (Weller 5). This misconception may very well have been propagated by the effects of the civil war, which pitted brother against brother and did much to harm familial Appalachian traditions. Unfortunately the precedence of domestic abuse and alcoholism in this culture, as evidenced by so many counties in West Virginia being 'dry' (unable to sell liquor), sheds light on the darker side of this situation.

A last defining characteristic of this culture is its emphasis on storytelling, in song but even more in common speech. Every time a new Appalachian were to come across our group of twelve, his/her introduction would consist of at least one short story, sometimes even five or six. It was a way of breaking the ice and producing a greater level of comfortability between them and us, yet what was most impressive was the fact that stories were never asked for in return. The same held at a local mass, at which the pastor gave mass in a very informal, storytelling style. This is evident in the folk songs of the Appalachian region as well. Although I did not encounter local music to a great extent in my week in West Virginia, the importance of music to this people has been well documented (Haddix ). These folk songs consist of two types, either gospel or storytelling; and the storytelling ones always seem to be of a rather depressing character, having been derived from the English ballads of old and having been birthed in a land riddled with struggle (). One example is Barb'ra Ellen

Then slowly, slowly she got up, And slowly came she nigh him,

But all she said when she got there, "Young man, I think you're dyin'."

"I know I'm sick, and very sick, And death is on me dwellin';

And none the better will I ever be, 'Til I have Barb'ra Ellen."

"I know you're sick, and very sick, And death is on you dwellin';

No better will you ever be, You'll not have Barb'ra Ellen."

And she went wandering o'er the fields; She heard the death bell knellin'.

And ev'ry chime did seem to say, "For shame to Barb'ra Ellen." (Haddix 5-60)

Yet this emphasis on storytelling does not come as too much of a surprise considering the isolation of this culture from the habits of mainstream America until the late introduction of TV and radio which was only beginning to catch in the mid-160s (Weller 15).

One of the common misconceptions of the Appalachian people is that they have a strong animosity and distrust towards outsiders. This is a misconception well supported in Jack E. Weller's ethnography, "Yesterday's People Life in Contemporary Appalachia," published in 165. Yet in my experience, I encountered no such animosity from any with whom I came into contact. Granted some things may have changed since Weller's book and granted there is the possibility that I dealt primarily with people used to dealing with outsiders, yet even at a luncheon which I attended at the local church, I was in the company of mostly senior citizens whom I had never met before, and I still encountered nothing but good-will and benevolence. In this way I find Jack Weller's book to draw many similarities to Ruth Benedict's "Chrysanthemum and the Sword." They are both in my opinion valuable sources of many insightful views, yet they are both obviously written by people who are not a part of the society of their subject matter. Therefore they both imbue a level of the biases inherent in their own host cultures and serve even to promote these biases to an extent. It is my opinion that animosity towards outsiders within modern Appalachian society no longer exists to nearly the extent that the media, e.g. Deliverance, will make it out to.

This is not the only misconception propagated by mainstream American media though. So many other stereotypes of this culture exist lack of intelligence, backwardness, alcoholism, distrust, incestuousness. However all of those with whom I had contact spoke in their own sort of Appalachian drawl, yet exhibited no lack of intelligence whatsoever and just seemed extremely comfortable in their own skin. These kinds of stereotypes have been propagated for centuries, because mainstream America has striven to exploit or change this culture rather than to understand it; and at the same time Appalachians throughout their history have seemed comfortable enough with themselves not to need to be understood by others.

The first colonists to the Appalachian region were mostly Germans, Scotch, Irish, Huguenots, and Quakers. Most were seeking seclusion from some sort of oppression, religious in the case of the Huguenots and the Quakers, escape from indentured servitude in some other cases, or simply escape from the slaveholding class descended from British predecessors (Inscoe 1). From the start, people of this region wanted merely to be left to themselves and their own farms, so they chose a region enclosed by mountains and not very fertile. In no short time these colonists established a culture quite distinct from the budding urban centers of post-revolutionary America.

One of the first intrusions into this set of circumstances was the civil war, which demanded that many young men be pulled away from their farms to fight and die for their country. The civil war forced Appalachia into the politics of the country for many Appalachian homes were even in the middle of battlefields. This war also split the Appalachian region with respect to whether one was for or against this war against the South. The closeness of Appalachian families, something which was necessary in such rugged terrain, was threatened as one brother in some cases was forced to pick a side contrary to that which his other brother picked. In the end West Virginia even ended up seceding from its brotherland, Virginia, because of this war (Inscoe 1). It is my opinion that this could even be the origin of the misconception of Appalachians as participating widely in family feuds and the like.

The so-called "discovery" of Appalachia began with a gold rush into Georgia in the 180s and 180s (Inscoe 4). This was soon followed by speculators searching for resources of timber and coal, of which they found plenty (Dunaway 5). Then in came the big business entrepreneurs to buy up land rich in resources from Appalachian farmers who really did not even know how much their land was truly worth (Kahn 5). These big businesses not only exploited the land's natural resources but also the wealth of workers. They lured Appalachian men off of their farms and into company towns, and at the enticement of big wages and material goods for their families these Appalachians were caught hook, line, and sinker. They were put to work in coal mines, salt mines and furnaces, and timber jambs in Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, but in many cases to receive this work they had to move their families from their farms and into company built towns, where the boss' word sticks (Kahn 6). Men had to work long arduous hours, risk life and limb, and subject themselves to the whims of the bosses. In these towns, the high wages proved not as fortuitous as they had seemed. Mines were not open for work every day, workers had to buy their own equipment as well as pay other inane fees to the company, not to mention that they were paid merely in scrip, which was only good in the company store itself, so it was up to the company to set prices however high they wanted for workers could not go anywhere else to buy goods anyway (Kahn 6-7). In general, quality of life deteriorated exponentially for the Appalachians at this time. No wonder distrust of outsiders has been a characteristic oft used to describe Appalachians.

The Appalachian workforce to the south was not overlooked either as textile factories and cotton mills moved into Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. Here the same practices of long, grueling work hours, pitiful working conditions, scrip, and endangerment of employees were also used (Kahn 6). Women were to work in these factories as well along with children when necessity demanded it from Appalachian families (6). All of this led to much effort on the part of the Appalachians to organize themselves into unions with the help of the United Mine Workers of America but in the face of big business' efforts to keep them on the low end of the totem pole. Many bloody battles were fought in this war.

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Random

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COMPARING THE FARTHING HOUSE TO THE RED ROOM

In this essay I am going to be comparing two ghost stories called "The Farthing House" and "The Red Room. My definition of a ghost story is a story filled with tension and suspense.

I will start by looking at the settings from both stories. The farthing house is set in a residential home for elderly people, in the countryside. The red room is set in an old castle where a duchess died 100 years earlier. Both of these settings are good settings for a tense ghost story but the castle is a more stereo-typical setting.

I will now look at the characters in each of the stories. In the red room the main character is the narrator. It uses first person narration which creates tension on its own, as we are seeing everything through his eyes. We don't know what's happening either and we follow everything that happens to him. Also the arrogance of the man builds tension, as it sets you up to think something bad is going to happen to him. You also see his fear slowly build up. The old people also create tension and unease immediately. Their warnings about the room create tension and put the idea into your head that the room is definitely haunted. "It is your own choosing," said the man with the withered arm. //////////////// This quote is used several times to emphasize that what he's doing is nothing to do with them. The hideous appearance of some of the characters also creates unease. In the farthing house the narrator is again the main character. The story is told again in first person perspective. Another character is Mrs. Pearson. "She was younger than I had expected, probably in her late forties." She appears to be very nice but this makes you feel that something just isn't right. Aunt Addy is another character who seems to be very nice. "I sat bolt upright. The previous night I had the sensation of someone having just been in my room." This shows that she is starting to show signs of fear in the room." The main similarity between the two stories about characters is that in both, the main character is the narrator and you see everything from a first person perspective.

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I will now go on to talk about the structure in both stories. In the red room the initial setting and expectation is set up very early on with the old peoples warnings and the setting itself. After that though things start to slow down. The tension starts to slowly build up, with the slow and gradual loss of light inside the room, and the continuous references to past incidents inside the red room. This story is written in the past tense but the detailed description in precise detail of every moment cant help but make you think your there, going through the ordeal with him. In the conclusion you find out that there is no ghost in the red room. Its simply fear. This makes you think about how powerful fear can be, and what it can do to your mind. In the farthing house the tension is much more up and down, unlike the continuous rise in the red room. "I'd seen a jay and two deer, and once, like magic, a kingfisher." This is not tense at all but on the very same page you get this, "as I turned right and the road narrowed to a single track, between trees, I began to feel nervous, anxious, I prayed that it would be all right." This suddenly creates a lot of tension in the story. But then, as soon as she arrives, things start to relax again, with the home being as nice as Aunt Addy has said, and Mrs. Pearson being very polite and nice. The setting is firstly described to be very nice but the narrator can feel something sinister, "as I stood on the black and white marbled floor of the entrance porch I felt something else and it made me hesitate before ringing the bell." This creates a lot of tension as it makes you feel that something must be up. Even when the ghosts visit they are inter-cut by jovial events which remove the tension. "That feeling of unease and melancholy passed over me like a shadow again. Now buck up, don't look wan, there isn't time." In the conclusion………….*. The structure of these stories is very different, the main difference being that in the red room there is a steady rise in tension, but in the farthing house the tension goes up and down like a yo-yo.

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