Friday, July 2, 2021

Writer's choice

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The lights turn off and a new world of appears, this unreal world is made up of fantasies and truths in our lives. The make-up, actors, stage, and lighting all work together to make it as real as possible. Theater is like a tunnel into someone else's world. During the play you become indulged in some else's life. You get to experience their happiness, misery, and everything else around them. Theater lets you escape your reality for a moment and dive into another. Big Love, Nickel and Dime, and Pastorela brought some reality into the unreal world of theater.


Nickel and Dime is about the working poor. We believe poor people a poor by choice, but the reality is that there not. We observe a woman trying to make and ends meet. She works more than one job and she has to put up with the cruelty of customers and supervisors. We watch as she goes from job to another and we see her struggle for an apartment. She thinks out loud, so its like we're inside her head. It makes us concentrate on her and forget about us, we become part of her. Everything stops and everyone returns to reality, the actors then question the audience. They ask; "how much do you pay your help, if you have any?" and "have you done that kind of work, and how much did you get paid?" A number of hands come up for all the questions and the audience realizes how real and common it is. This plays touches reality that is oblivious to a big portion of society, the only people that realize it are the ones living it. This play is sure to change your attitude toward hotel, restaurant, service and the rest of our minimum job workers.


Big love is a battle of the sexes and about love. Seeking refuge from pre-arranged marriages, fifty sisters flee to an Italian villa for refuge. The fifty brothers find then and demand for the to comply. The play revolves around three sisters and three brothers. The sisters refuse to be wedded to man they don't love, and the men believe that they had to give in to there demands. This play touches a real theme which was very much alive in pass years, where men were believed to be superior than woman. Many the men and older women in the play persuaded the fifty wives to get married, they believe that a women needs a man to take care of them in order for them to be happy. Both sexes are in a constant battle, the women finally realize that the only way out was to murder the man. The play makes you think about contracts, familial relationships, marriage, the rights of women, and the rights of men over women. The stage was set in just one room, people come in and out and argue their case. The play was like a trial and the audience gets a chance to be the judge.


How much does a person need to be happy? Pastorela touches this theme. The play takes place on Christmas eve in a park. A woman sells flowers in the park and she is encountered by a man who is pushing his pregnant wife in a shopping cart. The woman has a place to sleep, but she is miserable because of the poverty she lives in. She meets the homeless couple who is absolutely content with themselves. The woman cries when she sees their happiness in such a terrible situation. The woman gives them her last dollar and bouquet of flowers even though she needs them. You get to watch other people living in their misery, trying to find happiness in money and others finding happiness by making others miserable. At the end a child is born, his innocence unites the poor together and gives them happiness in spite of their situation. People are never satisfied with what they have, they always want more. These people found happiness with the little bit that they had. The actors bring comedy into their lives of poverty, making you forget about their situation and making you laugh along with them instead of feeling pity for them.


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Each play is a living piece of your life in a small unreal world. We are characters of our theater production. Life is just an endless theater, we live on a stage of endless drama. A theater production is like a dream filled with nightmares, fantasies, common situations, that suddenly end. But you get to experience them again in you next visit or dream.


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Bill Gates

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Bill Gates once stated, "We are crossing a technology threshold that will forever change the way we learn, work, socialize, and shop. It will affect all of us and businesses of every type in ways far more pervasive than most people recognize" (Microsoft.com 14) in a speech, in which he described his vision of the future. His statement, given many years ago, is now a reality as seen in the boom of the computer industry. From government organizations to business enterprises to libraries and to suburban homes, computers are seen and used everywhere playing a big role in the lives of many throughout the world. Gates's company, Microsoft, has led this sudden escalation over the past 0 years through its computer software development and technology research. It may seem that Bill Gates is not a punk because of his huge contributions to society. However, it was because of Bill Gates's punk attitude that permitted him to revolutionize computing and to become what he is today, the co-founder of Microsoft. Gates is a punk because he challenged the educational system, monopolized the computer industry, and set new standards for the computer industry. Bill Gates did not conform to the educational system from when he was a child to an adolescent, from skipping class to program computers to dropping out of college to start a business. Furthermore, he established monopoly control over PC operating systems, violating the anti-trust law. Finally, Gates's ambitions for advancing technology and new standards for the computer industry led to the sudden increase of computers allowing for new companies to spring up and jobs to be created.


Bill Gates's subtle but obvious opposition against education is proof that he is a punk. Born in 155, Gates attended public elementary school, and enrolled in the private Lakeside School at age twelve. The following year, Gates wrote his first computer program, at a time when computers were still room-sized machines run by scientists in white coats. Soon afterwards, he and his friend Paul Allen wrote a scheduling program for the school, which coincidentally placed the two in the same classes as the prettiest girls in school. Among other projects, they developed a program that allowed a computer to count the holes punched in cards by highway traffic monitoring devices. This soon led to Gates's first company, Traf-O-Data, which sold traffic-monitoring system info to local authorities in the Seattle area, earning "$0,000 in its first year alone" (American Decades 10-1 001). In the fall of 17, Gates took on a programming job nearby Vancouver, Washington that paid $0,000 annually, and still managed to graduate with his high school class. While other kids were in school, Gates was already earning money and becoming a businessman. However, this punk attitude was not only present in Gates's high school career; it was also portrayed during his undergraduate at Harvard. In his junior year at Harvard, he dropped out to team up with Paul Allen and "moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to head a company that he called 'Micro-soft'" (American Decades 10-1 001), a now popular name among many. Because of Gates's disinterest in schooling and interest in computers, he is a punk.


Another reason why Gates is a punk is because Microsoft was accused of breaking the anti-trust law. After the anti-trust trial, Judge Jackson wrote up a "blunt 41-paragraph j'accuse that nails Microsoft not only on the two most critical issues that is has monopoly control over PC operating systems and that it wields power in ways that harm American consumers but on virtually every count brought against it" (Time 1). However, Microsoft begged to differ. Microsoft argued that the company had broken no laws and done no harm to consumers. Microsoft was also charged with overcharging their products because there is no competition. It is also alleged that Gates used illegal methods to smother competition. "Smaller firms have suffered when they found themselves in Microsoft's way…For several years, Microsoft was under investigation by the Federal Trade Commission for anti-competitive business practices based on charges that the company had used it overwhelming size to crush the competition" (American Decades 001). Netscape, Apple, and Intel have all fallen victim to Microsoft's gigantic corporation. In one case, Intel had developed a technology that threatened Windows's software standards. Gates threatened to cut Windows support of Intel Pentium Processors if Intel did not cease to work on the developing technology. Judge Jackson decided that Microsoft had to be split up into two separate companies, one that developed Microsoft Windows and one that developed the other Microsoft software such as Encarta and Office. Gates's illegal ways used to eliminate competition and establish a monopoly shows that Gates is a punk.


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Gates is a punk because his determined plans to advance computer technology were unheard of. When Bill Gates was born, less than 500 computers existed in the world. The main focus in the computer world was hardware and the term "software" was unknown. Companies like IBM, Compaq and Apple were at the head of the computer industry that built chips, circuit boards, capacitors and controllers for computers. No one had yet attempted to enter the computer software business, a market that soon grew to be larger than its counterpart, computer hardware. When Gates entered high school, the computer business was rapidly transforming at this time. He saw the real profitable side of computers was not their hardware, but the software. Good software is what makes a computer exciting and easy to use. Bill Gates saw this opportunity and took advantage of it, creating Microsoft and becoming the richest person in the world. "As of 1, Gates was worth at least $87.5 billion dollars." (American Decades 10-1 001) Many had thought Gates was too ambitious and thought the idea couldn't be implemented. However, Gates has proved them wrong and Windows software is now used all over the world.


Gates is not a punk because he helped advance technology to what it is now for the better of the society. Because of Gates, our world is filled with computers allowing consumers to access and communicate with each other much easier than it had been in the seventies. Also, Gates is not a punk because he has set up two huge foundations, the William H. Gates Foundation and the Gates Learning Foundation, to fund charitable and philanthropic work, offering over 6 billion dollars of money. Gates and his wife, Melinda, also launched the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation "to support philanthropic initiatives in global health, especially in the Third World, and in education, especially in the inner cities and low-income communities of the United States and Canada" (American Decades 10-1 00). Even though this is true, Gates is still a punk because he acquired this huge wealth by means of illegal methods. Gates is a punk because he violated anti-trust laws and established a monopoly over the computer software industry. Not only did he establish a monopoly, he also eliminated competition by using threats and bribes, resulting in an anti-trust case regarding Microsoft's monopoly over the software industry.


"The idea of a computer on every desk and in every home has evolved into one of computers in a huge variety of places - every room, car, pocket-that 10 years ago we would scarcely have even imagined." (Microsoft, 14). Bill Gates's punk attitude has allowed this idea to become a reality, not just another dream. Gates's interest over computers started out as a hobby, but through a strong determination and ambition, his authority over computers is now extremely influential and significant. Gates is a punk of society because he defied the educational system, he established an illegal monopoly over the computer industry, and he effectively industrialized our society to one that is overflowing with computers. This punk attitude has allowed him to become very successful in life and has allowed him to become what he is today, the richest man in the world.


Please note that this sample paper on Bill Gates is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bill Gates, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Bill Gates will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Thursday, July 1, 2021

Plato's theroy of the forms

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Its is difficult to say or give a precise definition of what a person is. While the idea of


a person was around in the Greco- Roman times, it had none of the importance it


came to have later. During Roman times the word person meant a character one


played. However during the rd 7th centuries the Christian Church made the


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distinction between person and nature become important; the Trinity came to


be understood as one nature and three persons, Christ as two natures and one


person. In modern times the entry of a secular philosophy into the western world has


led to replacing talk about the human soul to talk about the person. According to


David wiggins there are three perspectives on persons (1) the idea of the person


as the object of biological, anatomical, neurophyiological and other forms of scientific


investigation. () the idea of the person as the subject of consciousness. () The idea


of the person as the locus of moral attributes and the source of conceptual origin of


value.


Modern views of a person


Descrates identifies the person with the mind "I am a thinking thing".


Locke took a similar view to Descartes. Only since Descartes and lockes view


has the idea of identifying oneself with ones mind, understood narrowly as


consciousness and memory, become current. What we see here is of the self looking


out from the mind and looking at the world, like a spirt in the shell of the body.


The ancients and medievals saw the distinguishing point of the human person as


rationality. With Descartes and his successers, it turns to consciousness, and is more


dualistic, in that consciousness does not need to be embodied. However the most


important part in consciousness is that one comes up with ideas of different types


of objects. David hume disagreed with Descarte and Locke. Hume said " when I


enter most intimately into what I call myself , i always stumble on some perception


or other, of hot or cold, light or dark, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I can never


catch myself without a perception, and never can observe anything but the perception


" . he put forward that human beings are nothing more than collection of perceptions


which succeed each other, and are in constant movement. They are the successive


perceptions only, the constitute the mind.


Thomas reid did not agreed with Humes view of the person. He argued that


Personal identity emplies the continued existence of an indivisible thing we call


Myself. This self is something which thinks, deliberates, resolves, acts and suffers.


We are not thoughts, actions, or feelings we are something, that thinks, acts and


Suffers. According to Reid our thoughts, actions and feelings change from moment to


moment, they have not got a continued, but a successive existence and the self or I to


which they belong is permanent, but has the same relation to all succeeding thoughts,


actions, and feelings which we call mine. Reids argument follows the traditional view


of Descarte and Liebniz that a person is a person is a simple substance or immortal


soul. It is for this reason that it cannot be analysed or broken down into smaller parts,


nor can personal identity.


Immanuel kant kept the consciousness notion of the person which Hume disagreed


with, but he also introduced another angle to the problem of person person as agent.


He explains the difference between agent and consciousness. Kant took leibnizs


Explanation between phenomena which, being observable, are the matter of science,


and noumena which are unobservable. Kant regarded the person under two aspects


we are animals and our fate is controlled by natural forces, and we our agents,


regarding ourselves as free and responsible for our actions and the boss of our lives.


Twentieth century Philosophers such as Sartre and Heideggar held that existence


precedes essence. What they meant by this comment was while we exist as human


beings, we exist as persons only by making choices, which included choosing our


own values, therefore that statements means that being a person is something acquired


Kant totally rejects that position put forward.


Charles taylor said "person is a being who has a sense of self, has a notion of


the future and past, can hold values, and make choices". Taylors view is related to


the notion of intentionality a person who can hold and have views on the world


himself in his mind, he can think about them, have emotions about them, make


decisions about them, and act them, knowing he is an I subject, doing this.


According to Charles taylor to be a person also you must have attitudes, desires,


A first-person perspective and life- projects.


After given the views of some philosophers the view I would take would be the


view of David hume, he offers one of the better definitions of what a person is. Kant,


Sartre and Heidegger views I would completely rejected. Kant argues that a person is


Active, creative, a moral agent and is unobservable therefore anyone who is not active


Creative or moral is not a person this I would completely rejected my view would be


That we are all people no matter how active, creative, or moral we are. Sartre and


Heidegger argued that we come to be persons by making individual choices however


It could be argued that you are born with inherited traits which forms your personality


Therefore you are a person when you are born and its is not something you become


by making choices.


Aristotle is regarded as the founder of the European scientific tradition . He emphasised the importance of direct observation of nature, and believed that all events should have causes , which brought him into conflict with his teacher Plato . Aristotle believed that nothing can exist in consciousness , that has not already been experienced by the senses , which conflicted with Plato's theory of ideas . Primarily a biologist he approaches his studies as a naturalist , i.e. what accounts for species and at the same time what accounts for individuation of species . What makes a human , human ? . He believed it was our form which made us what we are i.e. human , and our substance which gave us our identity i.e. a principal of individuality . Each substance has a built in pattern which grows in a particular way for a specific end or purpose , e.g. an acorn is an oak at a certain stage . Aristotle divides nature into two categories , living and non- living things . Only living things have the potential for change. This is according to Jostein Gaarder in the book "Sophies world" page


5.


He then divides living things into two categories , one comprises of plants and the other creatures . Lastly the creatures can be divided into animals and humans . All plants , animals , and humans have the ability to grow , propagate , and reach a certain potential . Only animals and humans have the ability to perceive the world around them , but only humans have the ability to reason and make choices about their nature . He grows and takes nourishment like a plant , he can feel and perceive like an animal , but he also has the unique characteristic of man , and that is to think rationally . "The animals other than man live by appearances and memories , and have but little of connected experience ; but the human race lives also by art and reasonings".


Aristotle regarded the human person as unified being , and a part of nature. He defined the soul as a "kind of functioning of a body organised so that it can support vital functions" For him the psyche, or soul , is the animating force in a body . It is the ' efficient cause' , the 'formal cause' and the 'final cause' of the body and it does not survive the death of the body. He maintains it has a nutritive or plant like part , which corresponds with bodily excellence; a sensory or animal part which corresponds with excellence of character ; and a rational , uniquely human part , which is excellence of intelligence. The rational part is the part with which the soul knows and thinks. In the case of the nutritive and sensory parts there are physical counterparts to , or manifestations of the souls activity , but in the case of the mind there is none . Aristotle says that the mind is not anything real without thoughts . We have to think of thoughts as imposing form on mind , as 'in- forming' it . He distinguishes between passive and active mind . The mind is passive in receiving or being informed by thought , but the mind can also be active and generative . In considering the soul as essentially associated with body he challenged the Pythagorean doctrine that the soul is a spiritual entity imprisoned in the body.


Therefore according to Aristotle man must also possess a spark of divine reason . His concept of God became important in the later development of a rational Christian philosophy and theology . In his physics Aristotle argued that everything is in motion and there cannot be a beginning or an end of motion , therefore there must be an eternal mover , who started all movement in the natural world . God is therefore the Unmoved Mover . He is eternal , non- material, unchanging , and perfect , He is actuality without potentiality , because potentiality involves change and change is less than perfect . He is also a person , but his thought is of thought itself and He is happy in His perfect knowledge of all things . Aristotle maintains that God does not moves things in a physical way but by virtue of being the 'final cause' of the universe , the ultimate good towards which all things move .


How do we arrive at all this knowledge ? Aristotle believed that the ultimate source of knowledge was sense perception . He held that the notions or concepts with we try to understand reality are derived from perception . If we did not perceive anything we would not learn or understand anything . He says that sense experience of things repeated many times , eventually allows a universal to form in the mind , and that the universal as such is recognised by the intellect . He maintained that from these experiences , comes the principle of skill and knowledge.


Aristotle now asks how should man live , and what does it take to live a good life. He thinks that man can only achieve happiness by using all his abilities and capabilities . It seemed to him though that freedom of choice made it impossible to get an absolutely accurate analysis of human affairs . Human nature certainly involves for everyone a capacity for forming habits , but the habits that a particular person forms , depends on how he was raised , his culture , and repeated personal choices . All human beings want happiness , which Aristotle called the 'Eudaimon' . The 'Eudaimon' is an active engaged realization of their innate capacities , but this goal can be achieved in many ways . He held that there are three forms of happiness . The first form is a life of happiness and pleasure , the second is as a free and responsible citizen , and the third form is the life of a thinker and philosopher . He believed that a man needed all three to have a life of complete happiness and fulfilment .


Aristotle regarded the human person as unified being , and a part of nature. He defined the soul as a "kind of functioning of a body organised so that it can support vital functions" For him the psyche, or soul , is the animating force in a body . It is the ' efficient cause' , the 'formal cause' and the 'final cause' of the body and it does not survive the death of the body. He maintains it has a nutritive or plant like part , which corresponds with bodily excellence; a sensory or animal part which corresponds with excellence of character ; and a rational , uniquely human part , which is excellence of intelligence. The rational part is the part with which the soul knows and thinks. In the case of the nutritive and sensory parts there are physical counterparts to , or manifestations of the souls activity , but in the case of the mind there is none . Aristotle says that the mind is not anything real without thoughts . We have to think of thoughts as imposing form on mind , as 'in- forming' it . He distinguishes between passive and active mind . The mind is passive in receiving or being informed by thought , but the mind can also be active and generative . In considering the soul as essentially associated with body he challenged the Pythagorean doctrine that the soul is a spiritual entity imprisoned in the body.


Therefore according to Aristotle man must also possess a spark of divine reason . His concept of God became important in the later development of a rational Christian philosophy and theology . In his physics Aristotle argued that everything is in motion and there cannot be a beginning or an end of motion , therefore there must be an eternal mover , who started all movement in the natural world . God is therefore the Unmoved Mover . He is eternal , non- material, unchanging , and perfect , He is actuality without potentiality , because potentiality involves change and change is less than perfect . He is also a person , but his thought is of thought itself and He is happy in His perfect knowledge of all things . Aristotle maintains that God does not moves things in a physical way but by virtue of being the 'final cause' of the universe , the ultimate good towards which all things move .


How do we arrive at all this knowledge ? Aristotle believed that the ultimate source of knowledge was sense perception . He held that the notions or concepts with we try to understand reality are derived from perception . If we did not perceive anything we would not learn or understand anything . He says that sense experience of things repeated many times , eventually allows a universal to form in the mind , and that the universal as such is recognised by the intellect . He maintained that from these experiences , comes the principle of skill and knowledge.


Aristotle now asks how should man live , and what does it take to live a good life. He thinks that man can only achieve happiness by using all his abilities and capabilities . It seemed to him though that freedom of choice made it impossible to get an absolutely accurate analysis of human affairs . Human nature certainly involves for everyone a capacity for forming habits , but the habits that a particular person forms , depends on how he was raised , his culture , and repeated personal choices . All human beings want happiness , which Aristotle called the 'Eudaimon' . The 'Eudaimon' is an active engaged realization of their innate capacities , but this goal can be achieved in many ways . He held that there are three forms of happiness . The first form is a life of happiness and pleasure , the second is as a free and responsible citizen , and the third form is the life of a thinker and philosopher . He believed that a man needed all three to have a life of complete happiness and fulfilment .


Aristotle distinguishes two kinds of virtue or human excellence ; moral and intellectual . Moral virtue is an expression of character formed by habits . A moral virtue is always the 'mean' between two less desirable extremes . Courage for example is the 'mean' between cowardice and rashness , and generosity is the 'mean' between extravagance and meaness. Intellectual virtues are not subject to this doctrine of the 'mean'. Full excellence he argued, can be realized , only by mature male adults of the upper class. He believed women were incomplete in some way an 'unfinished man'. He also believed that all a child's characteristics lay in the male sperm and the woman only provided the substance while the man provided the form . He maintained also that women , manual workers , and non - Greeks could never achieve full excellence .


I find Aristotles theories fascinating, especially as the problems he tried to deal


With are still being discussed today. However I find his theory on women


disappointing for a man of such intelligence. However one would have to consider


the time and the culture that Aristotle grew up in. having said that he formed his own


ideas and theories on many other issues, disappointing me futher he followed the


general consciences on women. He obviously didn't achieve full excellence as a


biologist if he could be so wrong about the relationship between men and women.


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Subject

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Now approaching epidemic proportions, suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States.


It is estimated that 00 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; this is equivalent to one teenager lost every day.


Evidence indicates that for every suicide, they are 50 to 100 attempts at suicide.


Due to the stigma associated with suicide, available statistics may well underestimate the problem. Nevertheless, these figures do underscore the urgent need to seek a solution to the suicide epidemic among our young people.


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Risk factors


Mental Illness Ninety percent of adolescent suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death most often depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders. Only 15% of suicide victims were in treatment at the time of death.


Previous Attempts Between 6% and % of adolescent suicide victims have made a previous suicide attempt.


Stressors Suicide in youth often occurs after the victim has gotten into some sort of trouble or has experienced a recent disappointment or rejection.


Firearms Having a firearm in the home greatly increases the risk of youth suicide. Sixty-four percent of suicide victims 10-4 years old use a firearm to complete the act. Now approaching epidemic proportions, suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States.


It is estimated that 00 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles County; this is equivalent to one teenager lost every day.


Evidence indicates that for every suicide, they are 50 to 100 attempts at suicide.


Due to the stigma associated with suicide, available statistics may well underestimate the problem. Nevertheless, these figures do underscore the urgent need to seek a solution to the suicide epidemic among our young people.


Mental Illness Ninety percent of adolescent suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death most often depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders. Only 15% of suicide victims were in treatment at the time of death.


Previous Attempts Between 6% and % of adolescent suicide victims have made a previous suicide attempt.


Stressors Suicide in youth often occurs after the victim has gotten into some sort of trouble or has experienced a recent disappointment or rejection.


Firearms Having a firearm in the home greatly increases the risk of youth suicide. Sixty-four percent of suicide victims 10-4 years old use a firearm to complete the act.


Please note that this sample paper on Subject is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Subject, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Subject will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Smokers should just quit smoking!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Smokers should just quit smoking!. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Smokers should just quit smoking! paper right on time.


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1Wall paint stripper, ant poison, toilet cleaner, lighter fluid, car exhaust gas, insecticide, NASA fuel, mothballs, insecticide/weed killer, PVC pipes added to 4000 other chemicals. Better known as Acetone, Arsenic, Ammonia, Butane, Carbon Monoxide, DDT, Methanol, Naphthalene, Nicotine and finally vinyl chloride. Also known as the components of the modern day cigarette


The constituents of a cigarette are far from appealing, yet 11.1 billion people have taken to smoking worldwide. The cigarette trade is a billion pound commerce, enticing 15.45% of high school students each year. Youths remain the prime consumers of the cigarette industry. As cigarettes become more commercial the effects are emphasised more, especially to students. Yet 1.5 million deaths, worldwide, each year, occur due to smoking. This figure is significantly high, considering the fact that over 70% of smokers are trying to quit. Sales in cigarette purchase are far from declining but accelerating each year. The question remains, 'What prevents individuals from discarding an unwanted habit such as smoking?'


Figure 1 how teens obtain cigarettes taken from http//www.lungusa.org/data/smoke/smk.pdf


Male 4.7% 14.% 5.4%


Female 4.% 1.% .%


Race/Ethnicity


White, non-Hispanic 8.6% 10.4% 18.8%


Male 8.% 18.8% 8.%


Female .1% 1.5% 8.6%


Black, non-Hispanic 1.7% 1.% 1.7%


Male 1.8% .5% 16.0%


Female 17.7% 0.% 11.6%


Figure 1percentage of high school student's smoking- ethnicity included


There are 4 chemicals in a cigarette known to cause cancer, one being nicotine, recognised as being the most frequently used addictive drug. Nicotine, one of more than 14,000 chemicals found in the smoke from tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, is the 4primary component in tobacco that acts on the brain. There have been substantial increases in the sales and consumption of smokeless tobacco products recently. It is this addiction instigated by nicotine that inhibits smokers from quitting. Cigarette smoking is the most prevalent form of nicotine addiction.


Most smokers use cigarettes because of their addiction to nicotine. For non-smokers the attitude taken to smokers is commonly cynical. The fact remains that the 6addiction to nicotine is usually overlooked and their efforts to eliminate this addiction are usually underestimated. Most smokers identify tobacco and nicotine as harmful and articulate an aspiration to reduce or stop using it. Nearly 5 million smokers make a serious attempt to quit smoking each year, less than 7% who try and quit on their own achieve more than a year of abstinence. Most relapse within a few days of their attempt.


In terms of judging smokers, it is important to consider the addictive properties of nicotine as well as its high level of availability. Other factors include the practically non-existent legal and social consequences of tobacco use, the sophisticated marketing and advertising methods used by tobacco companies. These factors, collectively with the addictive characteristics of nicotine, prompt first use and inevitably addiction. The judgemental public eye fails to finger point social and media influences, advertising and promotion, peer pressure and celebrity manipulation as the instigators for many smokers.


Figure 6domestic cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures in the US from the years 16-14 taken from http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm


Furthermore, Research has recently concluded that nicotine acts on the brain producing various behavioural effects. The prime effect is the addictive side, though of equal importance is the property that nicotine regulates feelings of pleasure. Cigarette smoking produces a rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, drug levels peak within 10 seconds of inhaling. The chemical involved in the desire to consume drugs is Dopamine of which nicotine increases the levels. The effects of nicotine dissipate in a few minutes, causing smokers to dose frequently and maintain the gratifying effects preventing withdrawal.


What the general public remain ignorant of is the concept that cigarettes are efficient in use. Through inhaling a smoker rapidly provides the brain with nicotine in every puff. A 'typical' smoker takes 10 puffs over a 5-minute period. Therefore an individual smoking 1 or packets a day (0 cigarettes) on a daily basis acquires 00 'hits' of nicotine to the brain every day. Hence increasing the addictive disposition of nicotine through the pleasurable effects. What the smoker remains ignorant of is the reality that on average, every cigarette that is smoked to satisfy this desire for pleasure shortens their life span by 11 minutes.


If this information is insufficient in acting as an insight as to why smokers continue to conform to an act that is self-destructive then advances in medical research provide extended evidence. Recent research identifies other chemicals as being psychoactive constituents of tobacco. Scientists have acknowledged a decrease in an enzyme named Monoamineoxidase (MAO), responsible for breaking down Dopamine. A chemical other than nicotine adding to the pleasurable incentive that smoking generates must cause this adverse effect.


7Nicotine remains as one of the most widely abused substances as identified by the 1 national household survey on Drug abuse. 1An estimated 57 million Americans were current smokers and a further 7.6 million used smokeless tobacco. Accumulating from this, in 18 each day in the United States more than 000 people below the age of 18 began daily smoking. According to the 8Centres for disease control and prevention,' in 11 cigarette smoking for high school students in the U.S increased from 7.5% to 6.4% in 17. Statistics such as these remain constant sources representative of the dangers of nicotine addiction.


Terminating nicotine consumption stems withdrawal symptoms, which quickly prompt the use of tobacco products. Symptoms include irritability, craving, cognitive and attention deficits, insomnia, and increased appetite. The most important symptom, yet the most overlooked is craving, an urge for nicotine described as 'the most major obstacle.' While the withdrawal syndrome is related to the pharmacological effects of nicotine, many behavioural factors also can affect the severity of withdrawal symptoms. For some people, the feel, smell, and sight of a cigarette and the habit of obtaining, handling, lighting, and smoking the cigarette are all associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking, and can make withdrawal or craving worse. While nicotine gum and patches may alleviate the pharmacological aspects of withdrawal, cravings often persist


1Chronic exposure to nicotine be it directly or indirectly (passive smoking) results is some sort of addiction. Nicotine addiction cannot be taken lightly and with figures such as 1.1 billion smokers at present, aid in combating this addiction is imperative. 10% of smokers trying to quit without help fail most within a week, hence aid and support needs to be advertised more within homes, school and society.


Smokers are considered by some, an inconvenience to society, polluting the air, the cause to passive smoking. To other non-smokers smoking is less of a problem, 'if they want to damage their health, that's their problem.' This kind of attitude, if taken by everyone would add to nicotine abuse spiralling out of control. Smokers especially youth smokers have to be made more aware of the severity of smoking. To the individuals that remain indifferent passive smoking needs to be highlighted in order for society to recognise and deal with those smokers who are in urgent need of help.


Figure 6comparative causes of annual deaths in the Unites states taken from http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm


Nicotine addiction stems a variety of diseases, repeated exposure to nicotine results in the development of tolerance. This condition is one of which higher doses of the same drug are need to produce the same effect. Nicotine is metabolised rapidly, the body expels it from the body in a matter of hours. Therefore tolerance is lost over night, as time progresses acute tolerance develops, cigarettes become less effective and more are consumed.


Figure 4 deaths attributed to cigarette smoking


The medical consequences of nicotine exposure result from effects of both the nicotine itself and how it is taken. The most detrimental effect of nicotine addiction is the result of tobacco use, 1accounting for one third of all cancers. 1Amongst this is lung cancer, one of the leading killers of both men and women. Cigarette smoking has been linked to 0% of all lung cancer cases. 10The world health organisation, label smoking as the greatest cause of death and disability, known as the cause for 5 diseases. The world health organisation also makes clear that the effect of smoking and 'its impact on world health is not fully assessed.'


Lung problems caused by smoking are a primary health risk, 1killing more than 0,000 people in the UK alone each year. 1UK studies highlight that men who smoke increase their chance of dying from lung cancer by more than times. Female smokers also disadvantage themselves by increasing their risk of lung cancer by nearly 1 times. Lung cancer is difficult to treat and its survival rates are poor. Other forms of Lung cancer such as Emphysema (difficulty in breathing) have irreversible effects. A relationship between cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease was first reported in the 140s. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease including, stroke, heart attack vascular disease and Aneurysm. It is estimated that nearly one fifth of deaths from heart disease are attributed to smoking.


1Studies conducted in the Uk reveal smokers in their 0s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non-smokers. 4Tobacco contributes to the hardening of the arteries through Atheromas 'fatty deposits' leading to 'Atherosclerosis. The tissue can then become Ischaemic 'without oxygen' or block off the blood supply in the coronary arteries supplying the heart, causing myocardial infarction 'heart attack' or blood vessels supplying the brain, causing strokes. 1Smokers that continue to smoke for a lifetime have a 50% chance that their death will be smoking-related (half of these deaths in middle age).


Smoking affects society as whole and not just smokers in general. 10,000 people worldwide burn or suffocate due to fires caused by cigarettes. 1Second hand smoking is an escalating dilemma estimated to cause ,000 lung cancer deaths per year for non-smokers and over 40,000 deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to smoking in the home and increases the severity of asthma for children, as well as contributing to new forms of asthma.


If passive smoking and the complications that arise due to smoking is not enough of an incentive for the average individual to aid others in combating nicotine addiction future impacts should act as motivation. Nicotine addiction in women doesn't cease at pregnancy and those that continue to smoke if without help put themselves and their foetus at serious risk.


For pregnant women, carbon monoxide (a lethal gas) and high doses of nicotine attained when they inhale tobacco smoke interfere with oxygen supply to the foetus. Nicotine crosses the placenta, and the concentration in the foetus can be 15% higher than maternal levels. Carbon monoxide also inhibits the release of oxygen into foetal tissues. Woman who smokes during pregnancy are at a higher risk than non-smokers for premature delivery, and reduced birth weight of infant.


In the United States 10% of pregnant women smoke throughout their pregnancies. Smoking in pregnancy greatly increases the chance of a miscarriage, it can also promote sudden infant death syndrome, cot death and high rates of infant respiratory illness (bronchitis, colds, pneumonia). Smoking reduces the fertility of both women and men, with escalating figures in terms of smokers especially from an early rate this could soon affect birth rate.


Future problems include the social effects with a decline in birth rate; the amount of working individuals needed to support older generations would also decline. 10By 00 the Worldwide Health Organisation expects the worldwide death toll due to nicotine to reach 10 million, causing 17.7% of all deaths in developed countries. With an estimated 1.1 billion smokers in the world only 800,000 of them are in developing countries.


Diseases such as lung cancer and harm to infants through smoking can be reduced, through pharmacological treatment for nicotine. Individuals need to be motivated to quit, and no attempt to help someone quit is worthless. If a 1-year-old man quit smoking on average his life expectancy would increase by 5.1 years.


As well as behavioural and pharmological treatments there are nicotine replacement therapies. These include nasal inhalers, nicotine gum and transdermal patches and work to relieve withdrawal symptoms, producing less severe physiological alterations. These therapies are beneficial as they have little abuse potential since they do not produce such pleasurable effects. Combine therapies such as increased messages in the media to stop smoking and selling over the counter medication has increased successful quitting by 0% each year.


Behavioural treatments are also valuable such as formal smoking-cessation programmes, telephone and written formats and public awareness. These types of therapies take ethical issues and moral standards into consideration. Segregation within society and categorising people stem prejudices and discrimination. The question remains is it ethical or moral to segregate smokers from society? Isn't this just forcing them to deal with their addiction and problems on their own? Smokers have an addiction and strive to satisfy this, yet public places such as high street shops and public transport don't acknowledge this. From a smokers perspective they are pushed further and further from society through smokers rooms at work and separate seating arrangements in restaurants. In doing this society is dissolving all support for smokers trying to quit, however Smoking is damaging to the health of individuals. Disease can arise due to passive smoking therefore laws and ethics should work to protect the general public from health problems.


Bibliography


1http//www.doctorsecrets.com/your-medicine/smoking/the-chemicals-in-tobacco-smoke.html


www.google.com- (search)-nicotine-


www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/ nicotine/nicotine.html


Bartecchi, C.E.; MacKenzie, T.D.; and Schrier, R.W. Human costs of tobacco use. New Engl J Med 007-80, 14.


Benowitz, N.L. Pharmacology of nicotine addiction and therapeutics. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 657-61, 16.


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4()755-758, 000.


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Surveillance Summaries, June , 000. MMWR 4, SS-5, 000.


Giovino, G.A.; Henningfield, J.E.; Tomar, S.L.; Escobedo, L.G.; and Slade, J. Epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence. Epidemiol Rev 17(1)48-65, 15.


Henningfield, J.E. Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. New Engl J Med 116-10, 15.


Hughes, J.R. The future of smoking cessation therapy in the United States. Addiction 1177-180, 16.


Lynch, B.S., and Bonnie, R.J., eds. Growing Up Tobacco Free. Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Committee on Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Division of Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine, 15.


Martin, W.R.; Van Loon, G.R.; Iwamoto, E.T.; and Davis, L., eds. Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine. New York Plenum Publishing, 187.


National Institute on Drug Abuse. Monitoring the Future, National Results on Adolescent Drug Use, Overview of Key Findings 000. NIH Pub. No. 01-4, 001.


Pomerleau, O.F.; Collins, A.C.; Shiffman, S.; and Pomerleau, C.S. Why some people smoke and others do not new perspectives. J Consult Clin Psychol 617-71, 1.


Rice, D.P. Economic Costs of Substance Abuse, 15. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, 111()11-15, 1.


The Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline Panel and Staff. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research smoking cessation clinical practice guidelines. JAMA 75170-180, 16.


www.smoking.com


4Salters biology book- topic 1


5www.google.com-addiction/nicotine


6 http//a.rn11.com/yh/pu/yhgeointpu.htm


7 www.nationalhouseholdsurvey.com/drugabuse1.html


8www.controlfordiseaseandprevention.com/stats/smoking.html


www.msnsearch.com-statistics on smoking (graphs)- http//www.lungusa.org/data/smoke/smk.pdf


10www.worldhealthorganisation.com


www.nicotine-anonymous.org/


www.skyrecords.co.jp/nicotine


Nicotine Effects - Mind Over Matter Series-www.nida.nih.gov/MOM/NIC/MOMNIC1.html


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Safety

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Mud turtles have green or dark brown smooth shells with no patterns on them. They are small turtles; only to 5 inches long, and eat tadpoles, worms, insects, and plants.To identify whether the following changes are physical or chemical.


Safety Precautions The safety precautions you should know for an experimental lab are always wear safety goggles so chemicals don't burn your eyes, for girls and boys you should tie your hair back and roll up your sleeves so your hair or sleeves don't catch on fire. You should always stand up in a lab because you react faster and keep the aisles clear. If you're using a Bunsen Burner never leave it unattended, and if your checking the odour of a chemicals always use your hands to waft the fumes carefully towards you.


Chemical spills should be cleaned instantly. Also make sure the lab table is clear of any flammable items. No metals are to be dumped into the sink, same with Barium Nitrate and copper sulfate. Any acid is corrosive.


Materials Zinc Hydrochloric Acid (6 mol) Lead Nitrate


Vinegar Potassium Iodide Baking Soda


Copper Sulfate Barium Nitrate Magnesium


Bunsen Burner Matches Test Tube Rack


Pipette Scoopula Water


Test Tubes Bromothymol Blue



Procedure


1) Magnesium and Oxygen


1. Put safety goggles on if you don't already have them on for all experiments.


. Plug the Bunsen burner into the gas valve turn the gas on.


. When the flame appeared make sure it is blue.


4. Hold the Magnesium with tweezers in the flame.


5. Observe and record the results.


6. When a spark of white light has shown put the magnesium into a beaker of water.


7. Clean up the Bunsen burner and station for all experiments.


) Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from a test tube rack.


. Scoop 1- scoops of zinc up with a scoopula and put it into the test tube.


4. Put 1- drops of Hydrochloric acid with an eye dropper into the test tube with the


5. Mix it together and observe the results.


6. Dispose of the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.


) Lead Nitrate and Potassium Iodide


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from a test tube rack.


. Put 1- drops of lead nitrate with an eyedropper into the test tube.


4. Put 1- drops of Potassium iodide with an eyedropper into the test tube with the lead nitrate in the same test tube.


5. Observe and record the results


6. Dispose the chemical when you're done. Clean up station.


4) Vinegar and Baking Soda


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.


. Using a pipette place mL of Vinegar with an eyedropper into the test tube.


4. Place 1- scoops some baking soda with a scoopula and put it into the test tube with the vinegar.


5. Observe and record the results.


6. Dispose the chemical when you're done. Clean up the station


5) Copper Sulfate and Barium Nitrate


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.


. Squeeze - drops of Copper sulfate into the test tube.


4. Squeeze - drops of Barium Nitrate into the test tube with the Copper sulfate.


5. Observe and record the results.


6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up the station.


6) Vinegar and Bromothymol Blue Indicator


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.


. Put 1- drops of vinegar with an eyedropper into the test tube.


4. Squeeze - drops Bromothymol blue indicator into the test tube with the vinegar.


5. Observe and record the results.


6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.


7) Copper Sulfate and Water


1. Repeat step number one.


. Take a test tube from the test tube rack.


. Scoop 1- scoops of copper sulfate with a scoopula and put it into the test tube.


4. Put some water with an eyedropper into the test tube with the copper sulfate.


5. Observe and record the results.


6. Dispose the chemicals when you're done. Clean up station.


Observations


Station # Name of Starting Materials Description of Starting Materials Description of Products Once they React Chemical or Physical Change


1. 1.Magnesium. Oxygen -Sliver strip-Hard, thin-Clear-Odourless-Gas -Bright spark of white light Chemical- Light and heat are given off


. 1. Zinc. Hydrochloric acid -Powder-Light weight-Grey-Colourless-Odourless-Liquid -Bubbles of heat-Mechanical mixture-The zinc and acid separates Chemical- Bubbles of gas are formed


. 1.Lead Nitrate.Potassium Iodide -Colouless-Liquid-Unusual smell-Yellow-Strong Smell-Liquid -A new colour appeared -Difficult to reverse-Mixed into one new substance Chemical-A new colour appeared -Difficult to reverse -Heat was given off


4. 1.Vinegar (acetic acid). Baking Soda (sodium bicarbonate) -Bad Smell-Clear-Liquid-White -Powder-Odourless -Light weight - Bubbles of gas were formed - A lot of pressure, overflowed Chemical- Bubbles of gas were formed


5. 1. Copper Sulfate. Barium Nitrate -Green-Liquid-Translucent-Clear-Transparent-Liquid -A new colour appears - Several bubbles of gas formed Chemical-A new colour appears


6. 1. Vinegar.Bromothymol Blue Indicator -Translucent- Clear-Smells Bad-Blue-Liquid-Opaque - A new colour appears- Difficult to reverse- Once the blue contacted with the vinegar it changed to a orange colour Chemical-a new colour appeared-Difficult to reverse


7. 1. Copper Sulfate.Water -Blue + white small pieces-Light weight-Clear-Odourless-Liquid - Separated into different substances- Its easy to reverse Physical-Substances remained the same


Conclusion In Conclusion my hypothesis was correct because I predicted that 6 out of the 7 chemicals would be chemical change and not physical because of the way that the chemicals would react to the other substances. Also I predicted that the copper sulfate and the water would be physical change because of the two substances separated. They didn't dissolve into one whole substance they stayed, as .The way I knew that the labs were chemical change because of the 5 clues a new colour appears, heat or light is given off, bubbles of gas are formed, the solid forms into a liquid, and it is difficult to reverse. There was more chemical change because more of the experiments reacted chemically and formed into one new whole substance instead of staying as two separate substances.



Discussion


1. What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred?


a) A new colour appears


b) Heat and light are given off


c) Bubbles are formed by gas


d) The solid material forms into a liquid


e) Its difficult to reverse


. Which substances underwent a physical change?


The Substance that I think underwent a physical change was the Copper Sulfate and water.


. There are three ways a change can be physical what are they?


a) Shape b) Size c) State


4. Name one everyday use of each of the chemicals used in the lab?(Except Copper Sulfate and Barium Nitrate)


One everyday use of each of the chemicals used in the lab are


Magnesium- it is used for metals and to reduce greenhouse gases


Oxygen-It is used to help us breath and it helps make things grow


Zinc-It is used for plants, to make them grow, doesn't turn leaves yellow


Hydrochloric Acid-used to assist protein digestion by activating the stomach


Lead Nitrate-It is an applicant that's in the pigment industry and in Gold Mining


Potassium Iodide-it is used to reduce the risk of thyroid Cancer in a nuclear emergency is released


Vinegar-it is a food product, used for cooking, brakes things down


Baking Soda- it is used for cleaning and cooking


Bromothymol Blue Indicator-It is used in swimming pools to check the Ph levels


Water- it keeps us hydrated


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A Dolls House

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The play, "A Dolls House" was written by Henrik Ibsen. As one researcher put it, "Henrik Ibsen was known as the father of modern drama" (A Career in Drama 1661). He was boring in Skein, Norway in 188. Norway is a country under democratic Monarchy. Although Norway has no set religion, its people are mostly catholic (Wonders of Norway). Ibsen moved to Germany and Italy for 7 years. He was the director of the National Theater in Norway. Also, Ibsen is credited with the development of the realistic "problem play." Henrik often uses realistic settings in his plays.


Women once led shallow lives, doomed to abide by everything their husbands commanded. They were expected to fulfill certain requirements and stick to the straight path of life as a female. This all changed as the play "A Dolls House," accurately depicted one woman's fight for liberation. The play begins by introducing a perfect family complete with a mother, father, and two sweet children. At first life seems to sail along flawlessly. After the play progresses, a world of pain, untruthfulness, and neglect emerges. Nora, mother of two children and wife to Torvald, has a secret she can't let Torvald find out about. Towards the midpoint of the play, Nora finds herself between a rock and a hard place after one of Torvalds past employees' uses blackmail to manipulate his way into a Job. In the end, Nora comes to the realization her life and marriage have never truly existed; and as a result leaves, in search of identity and liberation. Throughout the play, "A Dolls House" there is three distinct cases in which the need for women's liberation can be observed. The first has to do with the hardships Nora experiences while trying to save her husband. The second example is seen in the pet names Torvald uses for Nora. The final situation in which the need presents itself can be seen when Torvald tries to control Nora's behaviors.


In the first few opening lines of the play, Nora learns her husband has become ill. The only treatment available to rid Torvald of his disease was to travel south to a warmer climate. Knowing that Torvald was too tight with money, Nora took it upon herself to raise the funds needed for the trip. The laws at the time didn't allow women to take out a loan with out a man's consent. Nora had a hard time understanding the laws and restrictions of the time. Nora's statements in the World Masterpieces literature book plainly illustrate the confusion. "A wife hasn't the right to save her husbands life…" (51). Nora made the decision to forge her father's signature in order to get the money.


Torvald uses pet names with Nora as a way to keep her under his control. During the play he identifies Nora his little lark; which suggests ownership over her. The web page Summary Central Torvald as saying, "My little songbird mustn't droop her wings. What's this? Is little squirrel sulking?" (56). I feel the names made Nora feel as though she needs Torvald to guide and care for her. Also, the name calling probably make Torvald feel as though he has a deeper relationship with his wife than he really does. As one article put it, "Ibsen uses Torvald's famous pet names for Nora-lark, squirrel-to gibe her a "strong 'animal' identity" and to underscore her inability to understand the ethical issues faced by human beings" (The Demon in The House 45).


For the duration of the third act, Torvald is trying to control Nora's actions. Before the big Christmas dance he tells Nora which dress she will wear and what dance she will perform. Throughout the entire play, Nora is being manipulated like a doll, thus the name a dolls house. She is expected to perform for her husband. At this point in the play I feel Nora must be feeling as though she is not truly loved. If Torvald justly loved Nora, he would have given Nora a chance to discuss the party situation.


Throughout the play it was apparent that women had much less power and far fewer rights than men. Nora struggled to gain respect and opposed the idea of fewer rights until the end of the play. The liberation of women was an extremely significant accomplishment. It allowed women equal rights as men. Without it women wouldn't have the chance to make their own decisions.


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